ORGANON The Web Tutor for Basic Logic Courses

We would like to introduce the web tutor ORGANON, which aimsto support basic logic courses at the University of West Bohemiain Pilsen (Czech Republic). The application was designed tofulfill two requirements. Firstly, it should help students duringtheir study to practice exercises on their own (providing permanentcontrol during students’ practicing exercises as wellas answering students’ questions immediately as they arise).Secondly, it should reduce teachers’ burden (diminishingthe amount of consultations as well as administrating students’homework including correcting and grading). The tutor is availableat http://kfi.zcu.cz/lide/dostalova/organon.     

A logical calculus for controlled monotonicity

In this paper we introduce a new deductive framework for analyzing processes displaying a kind of controlled monotonicity. In particular, we prove the cut-elimination theorem for a calculus involving series-parallel structures over partial orders which is built up from multi-level sequents, an interesting variant of Gentzen-style sequents. More broadly, our purpose is to provide a general, syntactical tool for grasping the combinatorics of non-monotonic processes.     

Dialetheism and the Impossibility of the World

This paper first offers a standard modal extension of dialetheic logics that respect the normal semantics for negation and conjunction, in an attempt to adequately model absolutism, the thesis that there are true contradictions at metaphysically possible worlds. It is shown, however, that the modal extension has unsavoury consequences for both absolutism and dialetheism. While the logic commits the absolutist to dialetheism, it commits the dialetheist to the impossibility of the actual world. A new modal logic AV is then proposed which avoids these unsavoury consequences by invalidating the interdefinability rules for the modal operators with the use of two valuation relations. However, while using AV carries no significant cost for the absolutist, the same isn't true for the dialetheist. Although using AV allows her to avoid the consequence that the actual world is an impossible world, it does so only on the condition that the dialetheist admits that she cannot give a dialetheic solution to all self-referential semantic paradoxes. Thus, unless there are any further available modal logics that don't commit her to the impossibility of the actual world, the dialetheist is faced with a dilemma. Either admit that the actual world is an impossible world, or admit that her research programme cannot give a comprehensive solution to the self-referential paradoxes.     

机器学习在解决过拟合现象中的作用

过拟合现象是心理学走向预测科学的重要阻碍。文章综述了机器学习在解决过拟合现象中的价值和实现途径：（1）介绍了过拟合的两种表现形式和现状;（2）分析过拟合的根因,即“高解释力≠高预测力”;（3）厘清机器学习的建模逻辑与核心技术在解决过拟合中的作用;（4）利用样例数据和代码说明机器学习统计思想在模型拟合中的具体应用过程。文章指出心理学应从解决实际问题的角度出发,借鉴机器学习的分析思想,避免过拟合,进而提供更准确更稳定的结论和预测模型。     

Investigation of boron-enriched Cottrell atmospheres in FeAl on an atomic scale by three-dimensional atom-probe field-ion microscopy

In 1949, on the basis of theoretical considerations, Cottrell proposed the concept of 'atmospheres' (called later by his name) to explain some specific behaviour of materials during plastic deformation, such as sharp yield-point formation or the Portevin-LeChatelier effect. In this letter, atomic-scale observations and three-dimensional analyses of a Cottrell atmosphere are reported. They have been performed by three-dimensional atom-probe field-ion microscopy techniques. The ability of this new experimental method to provide atomic-resolution images, both structural and chemical, was confirmed; the basic stacking structure of (001) planes in FeAl could be visualized with success. Moreover the presence of a <001> edge dislocation was also detected in the analysed zone. Further, B enrichment was measured in the vicinity of this defect; the B-rich region appeared as a pipe 5 nm in diameter, parallel to the dislocation line. The concentration of B in the core reached 3 at.%; this local enrichment in boron was accompanied by an Al depletion of more than 10 at.%. Boron in FeAl has a well known tendency to segregate to internal interfaces. In this letter, we show experimental evidence of the solute segregation to dislocation lines. The observed effects of this segregation on mechanical properties of FeAl, both at room temperature and high temperatures, are also discussed.     

New Concepts for New Dynamics: Generating Theory for the Study of Religious Innovation and Social Change

The Emerging Church movement (ECM) is sociologically interesting—not due to the size of its membership or the centrality of its congregations. Rather, the ECM is significant because it provides an opportunity to generate new concepts for the study religious innovation and social change. Using theoretical language, the ECM consists of institutional entrepreneurs who drive their religiously concerned movement by continually deconstructing and reframing beliefs, practices, and identities from “mainstream” Christianity while at the same time promoting newly formulated and broadly resonant religious imperatives. As Emerging Christians cultivate new or altered religious practices, these must be continually legitimized. Furthermore, their renegotiated beliefs (heterodoxies) require new forms of organization (alternative congregations). Such action is not the work of isolated individuals, nor is it independent of societal conditions. Ultimately, the ECM consists of Emerging Christians who creatively operate through diffuse network structures across wide geographic spaces and among disparate social groups to enact a collective institutional entrepreneurship that seeks to reimagine the assumptions of conventional Christian congregational life.     

Axiomatizing hybrid products: How can we reason many-dimensionally in hybrid logic?

The aim of this paper is to propose a two-dimensional hybrid logic in order to formalize inferences containing both spatial and temporal propositions. The semantic idea behind the proposal is to name both horizontal and vertical lines in a 2D-plane by two kinds of nominals. This is a generalization of the idea of naming a point in one-dimensional hybrid logic. I give an axiomatization of the proposed two-dimensional hybrid logic and show that it enjoys a general completeness result (called pure completeness) with respect to product Kripke frames. Moreover, in order to capture $T\times W$-frames studied by R.H. Thomason (1984), I introduce the notion of a dependent product frame, which enables us to represent the dependence of space over time. I also give a complete axiomatization of this dependent two-dimensional hybrid logic, and, as a corollary, reveal that a hybridization of $T\times W$-logic enjoys strong completeness.