The Effects of Relaxation and Postural Training on External Perception: Improvement of Visual Acuity, Visual Field, and Hearing Acuity

This study examined the effects of muscular relaxation and postural training on external perception using a visual acuity test, a visual field test, and a hearing acuity test. Eighteen undergraduate students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent muscular relaxation and postural training. Each subject in this group was administered the tests before and after the training. Each subject in the control group carried out the tests before and after participating in a 30-min conversation with the experimenter. On all three tests, the experimental group improved significantly more than the control group.     

学生的认知风格与教师的教学策略之间关系的研究

本研究对２５５名初二学生认知风格测验与教师教学策略调查结果表明,初中学生存在着认知风格差异,属场依存性学生多于场独立性学生,认知风格与性别差异之间并不存在显著差异,表明初中学生在认知风格方面是总体上的平衡性与发展上的不平衡性的统一,教师的教学策略与教学方法对学生信知风梧的形成和发展具有一定的影响教学上应采取与初中学生认知风各相适应的教学方式,以促进学习能力的提高。     

Hemispheric asymmetries in processing L1 and L2 idioms: effects of salience and context

This study investigates the contribution of the left and right hemispheres to the comprehension of bilingual figurative language and the joint effects of salience and context on the differential cerebral involvement in idiom processing. The divided visual field and the lexical decision priming paradigms were employed to examine the activation of salient and nonsalient ambiguous idiom interpretations (i.e., literal vs. non-literal) in the two hemispheres. Literally plausible ambiguous idioms, L1 (Polish) and L2 (English), were embedded in unconstraining ambiguous (e.g., I knew he kept an ace up his sleeve) or constraining unambiguous context clearly favoring their conventional idiomatic interpretation (e.g., The debating president kept an ace up his sleeve). Idioms were presented centrally, followed by laterally presented targets related to the figurative (e.g., GAIN) or literal (e.g., SHIRT) meaning of the idiom and displayed at Interstimulus Intervals (ISIs) of 0 ms (Experiment 1), 300 ms (Experiment 2), and 800 ms (Experiment 3). Results indicate that context and salience effects are significantly modulated by the language (native vs. nonnative) of the stimulus materials being presented to each hemisphere. Literal facilitation was found for L2 idioms in all three ISI conditions, which supports the notion of the special status that literal meanings of L2 idioms enjoy in the course of their processing by nonnative language users. No significant differences were found between the right and left hemispheres in regards to their sensitivity to contextual constraints. Results are discussed in terms of the Graded Salience Hypothesis and the Fine/Coarse Coding Theory.     

Investigations of the optical spectra and EPR g-factors for the tetragonal Ce3+ centers in YPO4 and LuPO4 crystals

The optical spectral band positions and EPR g-factors (g_‖ , g _⊥) for the tetragonal Ce³⁺ centers in YPO₄ and LuPO₄ crystals with the zircon-structure are calculated using a complete diagonalization (of the energy matrix) method (CDM) related to 4f¹ ions in tetragonal symmetry. In this method, the Zeeman interaction term are added to the Hamiltonian in the conventional CDM and so no perturbation calculations are required to obtain the g factors. The crystal-field parameters used in the calculations are obtained from the superposition model in which the local lattice relaxation related to the bonding lengths is considered. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values. It is found that the four observed optical bands for both the systems can be attributed to Ce³⁺ ions in a tetragonal crystal field.     

Mechanism of formation of aligned two-phase microstructure in a Fe-0.25wt%C alloy under high magnetic field gradients

The effect of a magnetic force on creating an aligned two-phase microstructure in a Fe-0.25wt%C alloy under magnetic field gradients has been investigated. Through the changes in the heating temperature, both dipolar interactions and magnetic forces work together during the austenite to ferrite transformation. The results showed that the aligned two-phase microstructure is not observed under the influence of the magnetic force alone. The ferrite grains are elongated due to dipole interactions at the early stages of their nucleation and growth and then the magnetic force turns the elongated ferrite grains, whose major axis is not parallel to the direction of magnetic force, to the direction of the field in the presence of magnetic field gradients.     

Collective Action as Individual Choice

We argue that conceptual analyses of collective action should be informed by game-theoretic analyses of collective action. In particular, we argue that Ariel Rubenstein’s so-called ‘Electronic Mail Game’ provides a useful model of collective action, and of the formation of collective intentions.     

交互进化计算对焦虑测量的适用性探析

大量的研究用stroop色词命名任务和点探测任务等经典的情绪研究方法证明了社交焦虑个体情绪识别的特殊性。该研究采用IEC(交互进化计算)的方法, 研究了焦虑组和对照组(低焦虑组)在情绪感知动态范围上的差异性。实验要求第一组被试利用给出的IEC情绪识别光影系统设计出符合实验维度(高兴、恐惧)的图片, 并让第二组被试对图片进行评估, 得出每幅图片的心理数值范围。实验结果说明IEC可以适用于常规优化系统之外的一个新领域—— 心理健康的测量,同时也表明社交焦虑个体的情绪感知动态范围窄于正常人。