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781.
van Leeuwen C 《Cognitive processing》2008,9(2):83-92
In connectionism and its offshoots, models acquire functionality through externally controlled learning schedules. This undermines the claim of these models to autonomy. Providing these models with intrinsic biases is not a solution, as it makes their function dependent on design assumptions. Between these two alternatives, there is room for approaches based on spontaneous self-organization. Structural reorganization in adaptation to spontaneous activity is a well-known phenomenon in neural development. It is proposed here as a way to prepare connectionist models for learning and enhance the autonomy of these models. 相似文献
782.
George Anestis Evangelos Grigoroudis Evangelia Krassadaki Nikolaos F. Matsatsinis Yannis Siskos 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》2006,14(1-3):21-34
Employees need to acquire new qualifications throughout their lives in order to deal with the multiple changes in the labour market. This knowledge and competences (formally or non-formally acquired) must be identified and evaluated. For that reason, an integrated approach to the evaluation of Information and Communication Technology knowledge and skills is proposed. The multicriteria method that has been developed refers to professionals who wish to be accredited in a particular specialization through the evaluation of their professional experience, studies and vocational training. The aim of this paper is to present the multicriteria decision support system, Skills Evaluator, which brings into effect the aforementioned method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
783.
Guy Dove 《Cognition》2009,110(3):412-431
Recent evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that certain cognitive processes employ perceptual representations. Inspired by this evidence, a few researchers have proposed that cognition is inherently perceptual. They have developed an innovative theoretical approach that rests on the notion of perceptual simulation and marshaled several general arguments supporting the centrality of perceptual representations to concepts. In this article, I identify a number of weaknesses in these arguments and defend a multiple semantic code approach that posits both perceptual and non-perceptual representations. 相似文献
784.
Margaret Morrison 《Philosophical Studies》2009,143(1):33-57
The paper presents an argument for treating certain types of computer simulation as having the same epistemic status as experimental
measurement. While this may seem a rather counterintuitive view it becomes less so when one looks carefully at the role that
models play in experimental activity, particularly measurement. I begin by discussing how models function as “measuring instruments”
and go on to examine the ways in which simulation can be said to constitute an experimental activity. By focussing on the
connections between models and their various functions, simulation and experiment one can begin to see similarities in the
practices associated with each type of activity. Establishing the connections between simulation and particular types of modelling
strategies and highlighting the ways in which those strategies are essential features of experimentation allows us to clarify
the contexts in which we can legitimately call computer simulation a form of experimental measurement.
相似文献
Margaret MorrisonEmail: |
785.
Considerable research has demonstrated that substance use and delinquency during early adolescence can have long-term negative health consequences. As the correlates of these behaviors cross levels and contexts, it is likely that a social ecological approach will provide insight to inform community prevention. This approach informs the present study, which focuses on developing a multiple-method measurement strategy to examine associations among community risks, resources, and rates of early adolescent substance use and delinquency in 28 rural and small town communities. Measures include five domains of community risk, four domains of community resources, and population rates of early adolescent substance use and delinquency. Results demonstrated that several measures of context were significantly associated with community rates of adolescent substance use and delinquency, and different risks and resources appear important for different outcomes. Multiple associations were curvilinear, and interactions may also be important. Findings suggest that it may be worthwhile to create and test new intervention strategies that target community factors in the pursuit of prevention. 相似文献
786.
DeCaro et al. [DeCaro, M. S., Thomas, R. D., & Beilock, S. L. (2008). Individual differences in category learning: Sometimes less working memory capacity is better than more. Cognition, 107(1), 284-294] explored how individual differences in working memory capacity differentially mediate the learning of distinct category structures. Specifically, their results showed that greater working memory capacity facilitates the learning of novel category structures that are verbalisable and discoverable through logical reasoning processes. Conversely, however, greater working memory was shown to impede the learning of novel category structures thought to be non-verbalisable, inaccessible to conscious reasoning and discoverable only through implicit (procedural) learning of appropriate stimulus-category responses. The present paper calls into question the specific nature of the category learning tasks used, in particular their ability to discriminate between different modes of category learning. 相似文献
787.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of the psychological contracts on the relationship between human
resource (HR) systems and role behavior.
Design/Methodology/Approach Multilevel analyses were conducted on data gathered from 146 knowledge workers and 28 immediate managers in 25 Taiwanese high-tech
firms.
Findings Relational psychological contracts mediated the relationship between commitment-based HR systems and in-role behaviors, as
well as organizational citizenship behaviors. Transactional psychological contracts did not significantly mediate these relationships.
In addition, the results also indicated that commitment-based HR systems related positively to relational psychological contracts
and negatively to transactional psychological contracts.
Practical Implications Commitment-based HR systems could elicit a wide range of knowledge workers’ behaviors that are beneficial to the goals of
the firms. Furthermore, our findings also provide insight into, how HR systems potentially elicit employees’ role behaviors.
Organizations could elicit employees’ in-role behaviors by providing financial and other non-financial, but tangible, inducements
and facilitate employees’ extra-role behaviors by providing positive experiences, such as respect, commitment, and support.
Originality/Value The study is one of the primary studies to empirically examine the mediating effect of psychological contracts on HR systems
and employee behaviors.
相似文献
Yu-Fang YenEmail: |
788.
Building a Better WarBot: Ethical Issues in the Design of Unmanned Systems for Military Applications
Robert Sparrow 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(2):169-187
Unmanned systems in military applications will often play a role in determining the success or failure of combat missions
and thus in determining who lives and dies in times of war. Designers of UMS must therefore consider ethical, as well as operational,
requirements and limits when developing UMS. I group the ethical issues involved in UMS design under two broad headings, Building
Safe Systems and Designing for the Law of Armed Conflict, and identify and discuss a number of issues under each of these
headings. As well as identifying issues, I offer some analysis of their implications and how they might be addressed.
相似文献
Robert SparrowEmail: |
789.
Miller A 《Brain and cognition》2007,65(1):47-68
The social neuroscience of child and adolescent depression is inherently multidisciplinary. Depressive disorders beginning early in life can have serious developmental and functional consequences. Psychopathology research has described depression's defining clinical and contextual features, and intervention research has characterized its response to treatment and prevention programs. Neuroendocrine, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging studies have identified core neurobiological aspects of early-onset mood disorders. These areas are reviewed using a developmental social neuroscience perspective for integrating disparate observations. The paper introduces a dynamic adaptive systems framework, and it discusses hedonic capacity, stress sensitivity, ruminative self-focus, and attentional impairments as fundamental components of mood disorders. 相似文献
790.
Examples involving infinite suspended chains or infinite trains are sometimes used to defend perceived weaknesses in traditional
cosmological arguments. In this article, we distinguish two versions of the cosmological argument, suggest that such examples
can only be relevant if it is one specific type of cosmological argument that is being considered, and then criticize the
use of such examples in this particular type of cosmological argument. Our criticism revolves around a discussion of what
it means to call a system closed, and what it means to call an explanation complete. Our analysis makes no suppositions about
the nature of the infinite, and is therefore independent of many of the issues around which contemporary discussions of the
cosmological argument have tended to revolve. 相似文献