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761.
Holonic multi-agent systems (HMASs) have recently attracted many researches in multi-agent systems community. Inspired from the multi-level and self-similar structures of social and biological system, holonic multi-agent systems have been widely used to model and solve complex real-world problems. The main concern in deploying HMASs is the problem of building the hierarchical holonic structure, called holarchy, and dynamically managing it during its lifetime. The way an HMAS is organized has a great impact on its applicability and performance. This paper proposes a self-organizing algorithm to build and manage the holoic structures in multi-agent systems. This algorithm is based on the local information of the agents about other agents they can communicate with. Using common social concepts, like skills, diversity, social exchange theory, and norms in definition of the algorithm, the outcomes of this research can be used in wide ranges of distributed applications. The proposed model is extensively tested in a task allocation problem; and its performance based on various design parameters is studied. Empirical results show that the proposed model properly increases the performance of the system in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. 相似文献
762.
Paul C. Rosenblatt 《Journal of Loss and Trauma》2017,22(8):617-630
This review of the author’s writings on grief focuses on cross-cultural research, research with 19th-century diaries, and qualitative interview studies of couples and families. The cross-cultural studies show that there are strong cultural differences in how people grieve. The diary data show that some people cycle into and out of intense grieving, even for years after a death, and the cycling is governed partly by what they do to control emotions and what they encounter that reminds them of their loss. The interview studies make clear that grieving is, for many people, relational, so looking only at individual grieving we miss much of the relational dynamics that are central to the experience of grieving for many people. 相似文献
763.
764.
Building a Better WarBot: Ethical Issues in the Design of Unmanned Systems for Military Applications
Robert Sparrow 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(2):169-187
Unmanned systems in military applications will often play a role in determining the success or failure of combat missions
and thus in determining who lives and dies in times of war. Designers of UMS must therefore consider ethical, as well as operational,
requirements and limits when developing UMS. I group the ethical issues involved in UMS design under two broad headings, Building
Safe Systems and Designing for the Law of Armed Conflict, and identify and discuss a number of issues under each of these
headings. As well as identifying issues, I offer some analysis of their implications and how they might be addressed.
相似文献
Robert SparrowEmail: |
765.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of the psychological contracts on the relationship between human
resource (HR) systems and role behavior.
Design/Methodology/Approach Multilevel analyses were conducted on data gathered from 146 knowledge workers and 28 immediate managers in 25 Taiwanese high-tech
firms.
Findings Relational psychological contracts mediated the relationship between commitment-based HR systems and in-role behaviors, as
well as organizational citizenship behaviors. Transactional psychological contracts did not significantly mediate these relationships.
In addition, the results also indicated that commitment-based HR systems related positively to relational psychological contracts
and negatively to transactional psychological contracts.
Practical Implications Commitment-based HR systems could elicit a wide range of knowledge workers’ behaviors that are beneficial to the goals of
the firms. Furthermore, our findings also provide insight into, how HR systems potentially elicit employees’ role behaviors.
Organizations could elicit employees’ in-role behaviors by providing financial and other non-financial, but tangible, inducements
and facilitate employees’ extra-role behaviors by providing positive experiences, such as respect, commitment, and support.
Originality/Value The study is one of the primary studies to empirically examine the mediating effect of psychological contracts on HR systems
and employee behaviors.
相似文献
Yu-Fang YenEmail: |
766.
Considerable research has demonstrated that substance use and delinquency during early adolescence can have long-term negative health consequences. As the correlates of these behaviors cross levels and contexts, it is likely that a social ecological approach will provide insight to inform community prevention. This approach informs the present study, which focuses on developing a multiple-method measurement strategy to examine associations among community risks, resources, and rates of early adolescent substance use and delinquency in 28 rural and small town communities. Measures include five domains of community risk, four domains of community resources, and population rates of early adolescent substance use and delinquency. Results demonstrated that several measures of context were significantly associated with community rates of adolescent substance use and delinquency, and different risks and resources appear important for different outcomes. Multiple associations were curvilinear, and interactions may also be important. Findings suggest that it may be worthwhile to create and test new intervention strategies that target community factors in the pursuit of prevention. 相似文献
767.
DeCaro et al. [DeCaro, M. S., Thomas, R. D., & Beilock, S. L. (2008). Individual differences in category learning: Sometimes less working memory capacity is better than more. Cognition, 107(1), 284-294] explored how individual differences in working memory capacity differentially mediate the learning of distinct category structures. Specifically, their results showed that greater working memory capacity facilitates the learning of novel category structures that are verbalisable and discoverable through logical reasoning processes. Conversely, however, greater working memory was shown to impede the learning of novel category structures thought to be non-verbalisable, inaccessible to conscious reasoning and discoverable only through implicit (procedural) learning of appropriate stimulus-category responses. The present paper calls into question the specific nature of the category learning tasks used, in particular their ability to discriminate between different modes of category learning. 相似文献
768.
Margaret Morrison 《Philosophical Studies》2009,143(1):33-57
The paper presents an argument for treating certain types of computer simulation as having the same epistemic status as experimental
measurement. While this may seem a rather counterintuitive view it becomes less so when one looks carefully at the role that
models play in experimental activity, particularly measurement. I begin by discussing how models function as “measuring instruments”
and go on to examine the ways in which simulation can be said to constitute an experimental activity. By focussing on the
connections between models and their various functions, simulation and experiment one can begin to see similarities in the
practices associated with each type of activity. Establishing the connections between simulation and particular types of modelling
strategies and highlighting the ways in which those strategies are essential features of experimentation allows us to clarify
the contexts in which we can legitimately call computer simulation a form of experimental measurement.
相似文献
Margaret MorrisonEmail: |
769.
Guy Dove 《Cognition》2009,110(3):412-431
Recent evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that certain cognitive processes employ perceptual representations. Inspired by this evidence, a few researchers have proposed that cognition is inherently perceptual. They have developed an innovative theoretical approach that rests on the notion of perceptual simulation and marshaled several general arguments supporting the centrality of perceptual representations to concepts. In this article, I identify a number of weaknesses in these arguments and defend a multiple semantic code approach that posits both perceptual and non-perceptual representations. 相似文献
770.
Deontic Interpreted Systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We investigate an extension of the formalism of interpreted systems by Halpern and colleagues to model the correct behaviour of agents. The semantical model allows for the representation and reasoning about states of correct and incorrect functioning behaviour of the agents, and of the system as a whole. We axiomatise this semantic class by mapping it into a suitable class of Kripke models. The resulting logic, KD45n
i-j, is a stronger version of KD, the system often referred to as Standard Deontic Logic. We extend this formal framework to include the standard epistemic notions defined on interpreted systems, and introduce a new doubly-indexed operator representing the knowledge that an agent would have if it operates under the assumption that a group of agents is functioning correctly. We discuss these issues both theoretically and in terms of applications, and present further directions of work. 相似文献