斯-欧非言语智力测验评介

斯-欧非言语智力测验1943年由荷兰女学者Snijders-Oomen编制,经多次修订后出现多个版本,目前应用最广、最新和最具代表性的是SON-R 5.5-17和SON-R 6-40两个版本。前者包含归类、拼板、隐蔽图形、连线、情境、类比和故事七个分测验,考查5.5岁到17岁人群的抽象推理、具体推理、空间、知觉四种能力。后者选取了类比、拼板、归类和连线四个分测验组成,测查6岁到40岁人群的智力。研究表明,该测验内部一致性信度、概化系数和效度均达到了心理测量学质量要求。该测验有言语指导和非言语指导两套指导语,施测使用了适应性程序,并给被试提供反馈,具有认知诊断功能,适用于测量正常和特殊群体的智力,也可用于研究文化因素对智力的影响和智力测验的公平性等问题。     

抑制控制与高级认知功能的关系

近年来抑制控制与高级认知功能关系的研究受到了越来越多的重视。大量实证研究表明, 抑制控制是解释工作记忆、阅读理解、液态智力等高级认知功能个体差异的一个重要机制。脑成像研究表明, 抑制控制与工作记忆和液态智力等高级认知功能都激活了前额叶和顶叶等共同脑区。同时, 认知发展和认知老化, 以及认知干预领域的研究都一致表明, 抑制控制与高级认知功能关系密切。未来研究应注意抑制控制的定义和测量问题, 以及脑机制和训练干预等方面的问题。     

小学高年级儿童的内隐智力理论及其与表扬的关系

以101名小学五年级的儿童为被试,采用实验法考察小学高年级儿童内隐智力理论的特点,及不同归因取向的表扬对儿童内隐智力理论的影响。结果表明:(1)三组儿童对智力不可控性的得分显著低于中值,说明小学高年级儿童持有智力的发展观;控制组对努力因素的重要性评定显著高于能力因素,说明小学高年级儿童强调努力的重要性;(2)接受能力取向表扬的儿童对智力不可控性的得分显著高于接受努力取向表扬的儿童和控制组,表明能力取向的表扬使儿童倾向于认为智力是不可控的。     

情绪智力及相关变量对职业决策线索加工的影响

以66名应届或往届大学生为被试,运用何小蕾（2004）修订的情绪智力量表和信息板技术探讨了决策时限、选项数量及情绪智力对职业决策过程中线索加工的影响。结果发现：（1）决策时限和选项数量影响职业决策过程中各条线索的平均点击次数和平均加工时间,说明完成信息板任务过程中被试加工线索的策略会因为决策时限和选项数量的变化而发生改变;（2）情绪智力水平对职业决策中的信息搜索模式有显著影响,高情绪智力水平者倾向于采用基于选项的复杂搜索策略;（3）情绪智力的各维度对职业决策中信息加工的平均决策时间、搜索深度和搜索模式具有不同的影响,其中管理情绪、表达情绪对决策时间和搜索深度均有显著影响,理解情绪对决策时间有显著影响,利用情绪对搜索深度和搜索模式有显著影响,而情绪发展对决策时间有显著影响。     

Are You Alive? Sensor Data as a Resource for Social Interaction

This paper presents findings from the field test of a prototype device that collects heart rate sensor data and displays it for users. The prototype was tested on a football team, including teenage players, their parents and coaches. The findings include notes on user expectations related to the technology and detailed analyses of the social interactions that took place during the test. The paper concludes with design implications relating to this application, but also poses challenges for context-aware computing and machine intelligence in general.

Robots and the Sacred in Science and Science Fiction: Theological Implications of Artificial Intelligence

In science-fiction literature and film, human beings simultaneously feel fear and allure in the presence of intelligent machines, an experience that approximates the numinous experience as described in 1917 by Rudolph Otto. Otto believed that two chief elements characterize the numinous experience: the mysterium tremendum and the fascinans. Briefly, the mysterium tremendum is the fear of God's wholly other nature and the fascinans is the allure of God's saving grace. Science-fiction representations of robots and artificially intelligent computers follow this logic of threatening otherness and soteriological promise. Science fiction offers empirical support for Anne Foerst's claim that human beings experience fear and fascination in the presence of advanced robots from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology AI Lab. The human reaction to intelligent machines shows that human beings in many respects have elevated those machines to divine status. This machine apotheosis, an interesting cultural event for the history of religions, may—despite Foerst's rosy interpretation—threaten traditional Christian theologies.     

Teachers facing school failure: the social valorization of effort in the school context

This paper describes two studies concerning teachers’ classroom interventions facing school failure. The role of two main variables is investigated: the lack of effort as a cause of failure students are held responsible for by teachers, and teacher’s social representations of intelligence. The first study (Study 1) explored the impact of “lack of effort” causal attribution for student’s failure on the intervention strategies adopted by 122 high school teachers. Study 2 analyzed the impact of social representations of intelligence, held by 202 high school teachers, on “lack of effort” causal inference and on behavioral interventions. Results highlight that teachers mostly choose more severe educational interventions with retributive purpose when failure is ascribable to an absence of effort expenditure by the student. Moreover, the findings support the role of teachers’ social representations of intelligence in failure explanations and in educational practices, showing that “lack of effort” attribution and practices with retributive purpose are predicted by the social representation of intelligence “as a gift”. Results are analyzed and discussed by considering the effort as a normative parameter of the school environment. This research was supported financially in part by MURST “University funds, 2004 (Ex 40%)”. Portions of these results were presented at the 8th International Conference on Social Representations, Rome.     

智力结构的分化假设

该文探讨了智力结构随能力、年龄等个体差异而变化的可能性。认知分化假设认为,能力水平更高的人有“更多”的智力,其智力结构中g因素的作用随IQ水平的增加而递减。年龄分化假设指出,从童年期到青年早期,g因素在认知能力中的作用随年龄的增加而减小;相反,从青年早期到成年晚期,g因素的作用递增,智力结构中其他因素的数量和重要性则递减。该领域未来的研究应当解决测量和评估工具的问题,扩大被试的能力水平和年龄范围     

工作记忆中央执行功能的特异性和可分离性

采用3种中央执行功能,对中央执行功能的特异性和可分离性进行研究。选取青年和老年被试各31名。每位被试都要参加3种中央执行功能2个难度水平的任务和瑞文标准推理测验。结果发现：记忆刷新的年龄效应不能完全由液态智力的年龄差异来解释;虽然同种执行功能内不同难度任务的年龄效应类似,但不同执行功能的年龄效应不同,从大到小依次为记忆刷新、随机生成和选择性注意;控制液态智力的影响后,同种执行功能内不同难度任务间的相关仍然显著,而不同中央执行功能之间的相关不显著;另外,本实验条件下选择性注意与液态智力相关不显著,且不存在年老化现象。研究结果表明中央执行功能相对于液态智力具有一定的特异性,并且可以进一步分离为一些相互独立的子功能。     

ENCOUNTERS WITH EMERGENT DEITIES: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SCIENCE FICTION NARRATIVE

In the mid-twentieth century, theorists began seriously forecasting possibilities for artificial intelligence (AI). As related research gathered momentum and resources, the topic made impressions on public discourse. One effect was increasingly pointed emphasis on AI in popular narratives. Although considerably earlier thematic examples may be located, we can observe swelling and generally pessimistic threads of speculation in science fiction of the 1950s and 1960s. This discussion identifies some pertinent science fiction texts from that period, alongside public discussion arising from contemporary research. One consistent theme is human receptiveness to the numinous, and the capacity to ascribe personality and even divinity to sufficiently impressive manifestations, even artificial ones. Science fiction has long contemplated such reactions, prefiguring today's anticipations of AIs that might abruptly develop themselves beyond any possible human comprehension or control. This body of exploratory projections is a useful resource for the engineers and philosophers currently grappling with realistic prospects for Western humanity's shifting conception of itself.