小学四年级儿童简算策略获得的认知过程研究

研究策略获得的过程是了解认知机制的重要途径。本研究采用口语报告和教学实验的结合研究,采用策略意识和策略状况两个维度的评价指标考察,结果表明：策略运用从低到高体现出8级认知序列,策略获得者在策略的掌握过程中有四种认知状态：策略运用初期的倒退状态、策略从不熟练向熟练发展过渡的不稳定状态、策略运用的不彻底状态、有较强的策略意识但缺乏条件化知识的刻板状态。这四种状态反映出,学习者在策略获得过程中策略运用缺陷的常见状况。     

普通高校高水平运动员职业生涯规划的SWOT分析

“教体结合”模式已经成为高校高水平运动员培养和教育的重要形式,不仅有利于高水平运动员培养的可持续发展,而且有利于进一步提升校园文化内涵。但目前普遍存在的一个问题就是高水平运动员入校后,学训矛盾突出,职业生涯规划也难以开展,有待进一步探索。本文借鉴人力资源管理职业生涯规划理论和市场营销SWOT理论为基础,以SWOT分析为工具探讨如何科学实施高水平运动员职业生涯规划。     

不同复述条件下命名难度对图形记忆的影响

采用学习 -再认的方法对自由复述、部分特征的言语命名复述和视觉表象复述三种实验条件下图形的记忆效果进行了研究。结果表明 ,(1)图形记忆中存在明显的难度效应 ,难以命名图形的再认正确率高于易命名图形 ,反应时低于易命名图形。 (2 )被试在复述图形时 ,更倾向于选择那些难以命名的特征作为复述对象 ,以便把整个图形都记住。 (3)易命名图形的言语命名复述成绩好于视觉表象复述 ;而难以命名图形则不存在这种差异。两者自由选择时 ,将加快记忆提取的速度     

Intellectual Freedom and Economic Sufficiency as Educational Entitlements

This paper explores the historic philosophical contributions ofMill and Marx toward a comprehensive conception of intellectual freedomas a basic educational entitlement. In a perhaps surprising confluence,Marx's theory of a material base for freedom of thought is then extendedin a discussion of contemporary freedoms including, importantly,academic freedom and its implication for teaching, the profession andits training.     

应激对中国地鼠糖尿病发生的影响

研究实验性应激、情绪性、笼架水平在中国地鼠糖尿病发生中的作用强度及其交互作用,以确定中国地鼠糖尿病发生危险因素。结果表明实验性应激(震动、旋转合并限制)能促使中国地鼠血糖水平显著升高,糖尿病发病率增加,发病年龄提前;高情绪性中国地鼠,随着实验时间延长,其发病率也逐渐升高,并稳定在一定水平;析因方差分析提示,实验性应激与动物情绪性的交互作用对实验后中国地鼠的血糖变化起主要作用。     

时间距离对于验证性信息加工的影响

研究基于解释水平理论考察时间距离对于验证性信息加工的影响, 即在个体和组织决策情境中, 人们倾向于偏好选择和高估与自身观点和决策相一致的信息, 而不是非一致性信息。通过4个情境决策实验, 研究结果一致表明近期决策会提高信息搜寻和评估中的验证偏差, 而远期决策会降低它们的验证偏差, 知觉到的决策确定性在其中起到部分中介作用(实验1b)。解释水平(实验2)和期许性/可行性表征(实验3)分别在时间距离对验证性信息加工的影响中起到调节作用, 结果依次表明在低解释水平(高可行性-低期许性特征)条件下, 时间距离与验证性信息加工的负相关关系会得到显著增强, 而在高解释水平(高期许性-低可行性特征)条件下, 时间距离与验证性信息加工的负相关关系会得到显著降低。     

时间间隔与未来事件效价：解释水平的中介作用

通过考察解释水平, 诠释时间间隔和未来事件效价的双向关系。结果发现：时间间隔会影响人们对未来事件效价的感知, 高解释水平事件在长时间间隔后发生的感知效价更好, 而低解释水平事件在短时间间隔后发生的感知效价更好(研究1); 同时, 未来事件效价也会反向影响人们对时间间隔的感知, 相对于未来发生的正效价事件, 负效价事件的感知时间间隔更短(研究2)。无论是时间间隔对未来事件感知效价的影响, 还是未来事件效价对感知时间间隔的影响, 解释水平均在其中起到中介作用。     

Dispositional and comparative optimism interact to predict avoidance of a looming health threat

Research indicates that when confronted with a health threat, individuals high in both dispositional and comparative optimism employ a more avoidant style of coping than individuals high in dispositional but low in comparative optimism. We examined the hypothesis that threat distance moderates this interactive optimism association. In two studies, participants were randomly assigned to a looming or distant threat condition. Study 1 revealed that in the looming threat condition, participants high in both forms of optimism were more likely to minimise the threat and less inclined to seek additional health information relative to participants high in dispositional but low in comparative optimism. In Study 2, the same interaction pattern emerged on a measure of psychological abstraction suggesting these variables combine to alter broad information processing strategies. Implications for considering multiple forms of optimism when delivering health status information are discussed.     

The two faces of fearless dominance and their relations to vocational success

We tested Lykken’s (1995) theory that the personality trait of fearless dominance (FD) can result in positive or negative life outcomes depending on whether the socialization process was successful or not. We tested FD’s predictive and moderated relations with vocational success over a time interval of 4 years. We found that the relations between FD and change in income were moderated by level of education. When educational level was high (low), there was a positive (negative) relation between FD and change in income. Change in income mediated the relation between FA and vocational satisfaction. Finally, FD directly predicted vocational satisfaction after 4 years. Implications and limitations are discussed.