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91.
Warren K. Bickel Liqa N. Athamneh 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2020,113(1):48-56
The Reinforcer Pathology theory proposes conditions under which drugs emerge as excessively preferred reinforcers compared to other available reinforcers among drug users. The theory highlights 2 key variables as important determinants of drug preference: (a) excessive preference for immediate rewards (high discounting of future rewards); and (b) excessive valuation for addictive reinforcers (e.g., drugs). Two iterations of the Reinforcer Pathology theory exist with the latest iteration (i.e., Reinforcer Pathology 2.0) specifying that the temporal window of reinforcer integration (measured by delay discounting) is a determinant of reinforcer value. The 2 iterations of the Reinforcer Pathology theory are described. A novel insight and understanding of abstinence and relapse from a Reinforcer Pathology perspective, limitations, and future directions are discussed. The Reinforcer Pathology theory continues the long-standing efforts to scientifically understand and better define novel concepts and methods to further translational research and improve treatment outcomes. Exploring the complementary relation between the Reinforcer Pathology perspective and other current approaches could have a valuable effect. 相似文献
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A recent review article by Braem et al. (2019, Trends in Cognitive Sciences) summarises some of the major challenges associated with investigating the dynamics of cognitive control in conflict tasks and recommends steps that researchers can take to minimise these challenges. This commentary highlights two further considerations for researchers studying the dynamics of cognitive control. First, researchers should consider analysing effects stemming from trial n - 2 to identify (a) how the congruency sequence effect emerges over a longer series of trials and (b) whether residual feature-integration effects remain in confound-minimised designs. Second, data from hand-tracking studies indicates that the dynamics observed in button-press measures of response time reflect the functioning of dissociable processes. Consequently, researchers should consider how the various manipulations used to investigate the dynamics of cognitive control might impact different processes underlying performance. 相似文献
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Dingding Wang Liming Tang Qiuxia Liang Jerwen Jou Yidan Ma Weigang Pan 《Visual cognition》2017,25(9-10):928-939
In the present study, by using a briefly masked prime display paradigm, we investigated whether the pointing relation (same or different) between two unconsciously perceived arrows in the prime could be processed. Since only motor response priming can reflect unconscious processing of two arrows’ pointing-direction relation (i.e., a relational integration), we could distinguish the motor response priming from the visual priming in this study which in other studies were not separated. We also manipulated the prime-to-target stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) by using a 70?ms and a 180?ms SOA. In this experiment, two masked arrow signs pointing in the same or different directions (> > or > <) were simultaneously presented in the prime, followed by two arrow symbols also pointing in the same or different directions in the target. The participants were asked to decide whether the two arrows in the target were pointing in the same or different directions. The results did not show any visual priming effect, but did show that the unconsciously perceived pointing relation in the prime elicited a positive motor response priming effect in RT under the 70?ms SOA condition, and a negative motor response priming effect in accuracy under the 180?ms SOA condition. The results were discussed in terms of self-motor-inhibition (or mask-triggered inhibition) and attention mechanisms. Overall, this study indicated that the pointing relation between the two subliminal arrows in the prime could influence the subsequent responses to the target and suggested that people can integrate unconsciously perceived information. 相似文献
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Teaching for the recovery of meaning: An imagination‐centered pedagogical approach for today's college students 下载免费PDF全文
Patrick R. Manning 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2017,20(4):327-339
In the face of a mounting mental health crisis among college students, professors have an opportunity and responsibility to respond to their students’ psychological distress. Psychological and historical scholarship suggests that the proliferation of modern media and breakdown in traditional sources of existential meaning like religion are significant factors in young adults’ declining mental health. In response to this crisis, this article examines the crucial role of the imagination in constructing meaning and proposes an imagination‐centered pedagogical process by means of which teachers can assist students in recovering meaning and integration in their lives. 相似文献
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Elena Solesio-Jofre José María López-Frutos Nathan Cashdollar Sara Aurtenetxe Ignacio de Ramón Fernando Maestú 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2017,24(3):299-320
Normal aging is associated with deficits in working memory processes. However, the majority of research has focused on storage or inhibitory processes using unimodal paradigms, without addressing their relationships using different sensory modalities. Hence, we pursued two objectives. First, was to examine the effects of aging on storage and inhibitory processes. Second, was to evaluate aging effects on multisensory integration of visual and auditory stimuli. To this end, young and older participants performed a multimodal task for visual and auditory pairs of stimuli with increasing memory load at encoding and interference during retention. Our results showed an age-related increased vulnerability to interrupting and distracting interference reflecting inhibitory deficits related to the off-line reactivation and on-line suppression of relevant and irrelevant information, respectively. Storage capacity was impaired with increasing task demands in both age groups. Additionally, older adults showed a deficit in multisensory integration, with poorer performance for new visual compared to new auditory information. 相似文献
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