Racial Identity as Mediator of the Relationship Between Gender Role Conflict and Severity of Psychological Symptoms in Black, Latino, and Asian Men

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the extent to which racial identity attitudes mediate the relationship between gender role conflict and psychological symptoms in Men of Color. The mediating role of racial identity was tested in Study 1 with a sample of Black men and in Study 2 with a sample of Asian and Latino men. The results of Study 1 provided support for full mediation, whereas in Study 2 evidence was found for partial mediation. The combination of the studies' findings underscores the importance of considering the extent to which Men of Color identify with their own racial group when examining the relationship between gender role conflict and psychological symptoms.     

老年抑郁症的症状、诊断及测量

对老年抑郁症的症状、诊断和测量的探讨有利于寻找更有效的治疗方法。文章在简要讨论老年抑郁症主要症状以及诊断特点的基础上,重点介绍老年抑郁症的测量工具。文章指出,开展老年抑郁症研究的多学科研究,运用认知神经科学方法深入研究老年抑郁症,制订相对独立的老年抑郁症的分类标准,结合老年抑郁症患者身心特点开发更简便可靠的老年抑郁症量表,将有利于老年抑郁症的进一步研究。     

自立人格与心身症状：特质-应激-症状相符中介模型的检验

自立人格是新近提出的一种新的心身症状的保护性人格因素。为了探索自立人格抵御心身症状的机制, 提出了特质-应激-症状相符中介模型。该模型涉及应激中介模型假设、特质-应激相符假设、特质-症状相符假设三个理论假设。使用青少年学生自立人格量表、青少年生活事件量表和症状自评量表3种问卷对674名有效被试进行了调查, 以检验该模型。结果发现：①应激调节模型不被支持, 自立人格特质是通过应激的中介作用来负向预测心身症状; ②人际自立对心身症状的负向预测能力明显大于个人自立, 人际自立对人际性和个人性症状均有独立的预测能力, 个人自立则对人际性症状没有独立的预测能力; ③个人自立对应激的预测能力大于人际自立, 个人自立对人际和个人应激均有独立的预测能力, 人际自立则对个人应激没有独立的预测能力; ④修正后的自立人格的特质-应激-症状相符中介模型能够获得支持。总之, 本研究的结果显示：人际自立主要通过人际应激的中介作用负向预测心身症状总分; 个人自立则通过应激(包括人际与个人应激)的中介作用负向预测个人性症状。     

负性生活事件、社会支持和创伤后应激障碍症状：对汶川地震后青少年的追踪研究

创伤后应激障碍是灾难后常见的心理病理问题, 灾后继发负性生活事件和社会支持是影响创伤后应激障碍症状的重要因素。该研究采用追踪设计, 历时2年对汶川地震后都江堰地区1573名青少年进行3次测查, 考察震后继发负性生活事件、不同类型社会支持与创伤后应激障碍症状之间的相互作用关系。研究发现：不同类型的社会支持与震后继发负性生活事件、创伤后应激障碍症状存在不同的作用关系; 震后继发负性生活事件不仅直接影响个体的心理健康还对个体的社会支持系统有损害; 震后负性生活事件、主观支持与创伤后应激障碍症状存在联动效应, 即三者中任一方面的变化都可能引起其他方面的变化。     

Anxiety sensitivity and posttraumatic stress among traumatic event-exposed youth

Total and factor scores of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) were examined in relation to posttraumatic stress symptom levels within a community-based sample of 68 (43 females) traumatic event-exposed youth between the ages of 10 and 17 years (M_age=14.74 years). Findings were consistent with hypotheses; global anxiety sensitivity (AS) levels, as well as disease, unsteady, and mental incapacitation concerns, related positively to posttraumatic stress levels, whereas social concerns were unrelated to symptom levels. These results suggest that fears of the physical and mental consequences of anxiety are associated with relatively higher levels of posttraumatic stress subsequent to traumatic event exposure. Findings are discussed in terms of potential implications for the role of AS in developmentally sensitive etiological models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).     

Disaggregating the Distal,Proximal, and Time-Varying Effects of Parent Alcoholism on Children’s Internalizing Symptoms

We tested whether children show greater internalizing symptoms when their parents are actively abusing alcohol. In an integrative data analysis, we combined observations over ages 2 through 17 from two longitudinal studies of children of alcoholic parents and matched controls recruited from the community. Using a mixed modeling approach, we tested whether children showed elevated mother- and child-reported internalizing symptoms (a) at the same time that parents showed alcohol-related consequences (time-varying effects), (b) if parents showed greater alcohol-related consequences during the study period (proximal effects), and (c) if parents had a lifetime diagnosis of alcoholism that predated the study period (distal effects). No support for time-varying effects was found; proximal effects of mothers' alcohol-related consequences on child-reported internalizing symptoms were found and distal effects of mother and father alcoholism predicted greater internalizing symptoms among children of alcoholic parents. Implications for the time-embedded relations between parent alcoholism and children's internalizing symptoms are discussed.     

Current and Past Maternal Depression, Maternal Interaction Behaviors, and Children’s Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms

Relations among past maternal depressive disorder, current depressive symptoms, current maternal interaction behaviors, and children's adjustment were examined in a sample of 204 women and their young adolescent offspring (mean age = 11.86, SD = 0.55). Mothers either had (n = 157) or had not (n = 57) experienced at least one depressive disorder during the child's life. Mothers and children participated in a problem-solving task, video-taped for later coding. Mothers with current depressive symptoms and those with histories of chronic/severe depressive disorders displayed fewer positive behaviors toward their children; mothers with current depressive symptoms also showed more negative behaviors with their children. The relation between mothers' depression history and their behavior during the interaction with their child was partially mediated by mothers' current mood state. Moreover, high levels of maternal negativity and low levels of positivity during the problem-solving task were related to children's externalizing problems. Maternal positivity partially mediated the relation between maternal depression and children's externalizing symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of providing parenting interventions for depressed mothers.     

Coping with Exposure to Violence: Relations to Emotional Symptoms and Aggression in Three Urban Samples

Relations among exposure to violence, coping, and adjustment were examined in three urban samples. In study 1, which took place in a southeastern city, children ages 6–16 (N = 35; M age = 10.7 years) completed measures of adjustment, exposure to violence, and coping with violence. In study 2, which took place in one southern Midwestern city and one Northeastern city, children ages 8–15 (N = 70; M age = 11.3 years) completed similar measures with the addition of a measure assessing normative beliefs about aggression. Results are in line with the pathologic adaptation model and provide preliminary evidence for two hypothesized pathways explaining the effects of exposure to violence on adjustment: a normalization pathway in which exposure leads to more aggression-supporting beliefs and in turn to greater aggression, and a distress pathway in which exposure leads to avoidant coping and in turn to emotional symptoms.     

抑郁症状中学生自我相关生活事件的回忆、再认和启动效应特点

采用Tversky的实验设计,对非抑郁和抑郁症状中学生的回忆、再认和启动效应进行了探讨。实验发现,抑郁症状中学生对自我相关生活事件信息加工存在负性回忆、负性再认、负性启动和负性加工偏向;抑郁症状中学生对自我相关生活事件信息加工的回忆具有情境一致性;对再认材料的不同加工深度影响抑郁症状中学生自我相关生活事件信息加工的再认;抑郁症状中学生对自我相关生活事件信息加工的负性启动主要是由于对负性条目、中性条目的负性偏向加工引起     

初中生抑郁与依恋、自我效能感的关系研究

对929个初中生施测抑郁自评量表,父母和同伴依恋问卷,一般自我效能感量表,以探讨父、母、同伴依恋和一般自我效能感对抑郁的影响模式.结果:(1)父(母)亲依恋、同伴依恋、一般自我效能感均与抑郁呈显著负相关;同伴依恋与父(母)亲依恋呈显著正相关.(2)结构方程模型分析发现:父(母)亲依恋直接影响同伴依恋,父(母)亲依恋和同伴依恋通过一般自我效能感间接影响抑郁,同时父(母)亲依恋和同伴依恋直接作用于抑郁.