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291.
We present a schizophrenia patient who reports “seeing rain” with attendant somatosensory features which separate him from his surroundings. Because visual/multimodal hallucinations are understudied in schizophrenia, we examine a case history to determine the role of these hallucinations in self-disturbances (Ichstörungen). Developed by the early Heidelberg School, self-disturbances comprise two components: 1. The self experiences its own automatic processing as alien to self in a split-off, “doubled-I.” 2. In “I-paralysis,” the disruption to automatic processing is now outside the self in omnipotent agents. Self-disturbances (as indicated by visual/multimodal hallucinations) involve impairment in the ability to predict moment-to-moment experiences in the ongoing perception-action cycle. The phenomenological approach to subjective experience of self-disturbances complements efforts to model psychosis using the computational framework of hierarchical predictive coding. We conclude that self-disturbances play an adaptive, compensatory role following the uncoupling of perception and action, and possibly, other low-level perceptual anomalies. 相似文献
292.
John J. Anderson 《The Journal of religious ethics》2013,41(4):601-625
Many Protestant denominations have or recently had policies that prohibit “self‐avowed practicing homosexuals” from being ordained. By only prohibiting “practicing” homosexuals, proponents of these policies claim that they do not discriminate against homosexuals as a group since, technically, a homosexual can still be ordained as long as she is “non‐practicing.” In other words, a condemnation of homosexual practice is not the same as a condemnation of homosexual persons. I argue that this is not the case; the rhetoric of homosexual practice does, in fact, amount to a condemnation of gays and lesbians. It does so by conflating the two things it claims to keep separate—homosexual conduct and homosexual identity. I demonstrate this conflation by analyzing the history of this rhetoric and how it has been adjudicated in church court decisions from the United Methodist Church and the Presbyterian Church (USA). 相似文献
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A. Polikarov 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1998,29(2):225-244
The basic (negative and positive) methodological maxims of three currents of philosophy of science (logical empiricism, falsificationism,
and postpositivism) are formulated. Many of these maxims (stratagems) are controversial, e.g., the stance about the nonsense
of metaphysics, and that of its indispensability. The restricted validity of these maxims allows for their unification. Within
the framework of most of them there may be a relationship of (synchronic, or diachronic) subordination of the contradicting
desiderata. In this vein ten stratagems are formulated.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Response preferences of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) within wavelength and line-tilt dimensions
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Four rhesus monkeys were tested for preferences within the wavelength and line-tilt dimensions. In the case of wavelength, the response panel was back-illuminated by light of one of the following wavelengths, presented in a random manner: 470, 525, 580, and 635 nm. Similarly, the line-tilt dimension was studied, by presenting a 5 cm by 0.3 cm black bar tilted at 0, 30, 60, or 90 degrees. No preferences were found within this latter dimension; in contrast, marked wavelength preferences existed, the order of preference being 470 (most preferred), 525, 580, and 635 nm (least preferred). These response preferences were resistant to behavioral manipulation; the number of responses to blue and to red in extinction was about equal when red was used as the training stimulus, but vastly different following training on blue. These results indicate that such response preferences must be taken into account in the design of a wide variety of experiments. 相似文献
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Grover J Whitehurst Marsha Ironsmith Michael goldfein 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1974,17(2):288-302
Six 4- to 5-yr-old subjects were exposed to five sessions in which an adult model used passive sentences to describe a set of modeling stimuli. Probe stimuli, which the subjects were asked to describe without benefit of modeling and without selective reinforcement were interspersed among modeling stimuli. A matched group of control subjects received probletrials but no modeling trials. Both groups of subjects were subsequently tested on their ability to comprehend active and passive sentence forms. Every subject in the experimental group produced passive sentences on probe trials even though there was considerable variability in the number of passives produced. No control subject produced passives. The modeling procedure increased the comprehension scores of the experimental group above those of the control group though the scores of both groups were above chance. The results were contrasted with earlier studies in which modeling was ineffective in producing passive usage and in which comprehension of the passive was not demonstrated by even older children. 相似文献
300.
Two experiments investigated the effects of shifting from either nonreinforcement or partial reinforcement (PRF) to continuous reinforcement conditions (CRF). In the first experiment, three groups of rats were given food reinforcement under CRF conditions in a runway followed by regular extinction trials (RE), extinction trials where Ss were delayed for 30 sec before entering the empty goal box (DE), or CRF trials where Ss were delayed for 30 sec before entering the baited goal box (DF). Then all Ss were run on the delayed reinforcement condition (DF). In the final delayed reinforcement condition, group DE ran significantly faster than group DF, reflecting positive contrast. In the second experiment, four groups of rats were trained in a runway to receive either 4% or 18% sucrose reinforcers under either PRF or CRF conditions. Then all Ss were transferred to a Skinner box and bar presses were continuously reinforced, with each S continuing to receive the same sucrose concentration as before. The former PRF Ss, regardless of the reinforcer, bar pressed at a significantly higher rate in the Skinner box than the former CRF Ss. The evidence seemed to favor the view that the effectiveness of a reinforcer is not an absolute, unchanging quantity but rather depends on the historical context in which the reinforcer occurs. 相似文献