Conserved: inherited beyond genes / Conservado: heredado más allá de los genes

For more than a century we have discussed the extent to which a trait is innate or acquired, but little has been discussed regarding the mechanisms through which that inheritance takes place. Based on studies by Lorenz and Neo-Darwinism, we have blindly bet on genetics as the mechanism of inheritance. However, evolution considers conserved traits, but this concept lacks a specific inheritance mechanism. We would like to restore the concept of conserved to integrate other inheritance mechanisms. As such, we analyse the inheritance of both genes and the environment, allowing us to fully explore inherited psychopathologies.     

Coordination of Emotions in Mother–Infant Dialogues

Eleven infant–mother dyads in Crete were videod during spontaneous interactions at home, from the second to the sixth month of life. Micro‐analysis was used to investigate‘coordination'and ‘non‐matching’ of facial expressions of emotion. ‘Emotional coordination’ was evaluated with four measures: matching of facial expressions, completion when one responded to the other with ‘pleasure’ or ‘interest’, synchrony by matching frequency of change or rhythm of emotional expressions, and attunement when shifts of emotional intensity of the two partners were in the same direction.‘Emotional non‐matching'was coded when neither the infant nor the mother showed interest in interacting with the other. In emotional coordination or non‐matching between mother and infant, who performed first was also recorded. We obtained evidence of emotional matching, synchrony, and attunement. Importantly, the probability of emotional non‐matching by the infant was higher than the probability of emotional matching and completion, indicating a tendency for thoughtful attention or playful rivalry in the responses of infants, who also initiated emotional matching, completion, and non‐matching more frequently than mothers. The probability of expression of emotional matching, completion, and non‐matching changed with age. Both mothers and infants act to obtain sympathetic complementarity of feelings and co‐operative inter‐synchrony of actions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

What Can Experiments Reveal About the Origins of Music?

ABSTRACT— The origins of music have intrigued scholars for thousands of years. In this article I discuss the role of experiments in discussions of these issues. I argue that potentially useful kinds of evidence are those that address the innateness and the specificity of different components of musical behavior. At present there is some evidence for innate influences on music, but little evidence for capacities that are clearly specific to music. Although future experiments could potentially alter this picture, there is currently little unambiguous support for the notion that music is an adaptation.     

再论医学文化的根——人是符号的动物

人性与语言是多维关系,人是惟一通过语言社会化,以语言有世界,运用语言改造世界,可以被符号蒙骗和对符号崇拜敬畏,并且可以被符号伤害和医治的动物。人与符号的历史与现实关系决定了医学的人文特质,而这正是医学实践的逻辑起点。     

发明本心 易备于我——李顒治易思想浅说

李强调为易旨在洗心 ,反对为易而易 ,认为习易贵在自得 ,故应易备于我、求易于己 ,主张治易当实以足下 ,发明易理。     

乾坤并建超越内在--牟宗三后期易学思想研究

牟宗三先生后期易学研究和他早年对<周易>的研究有所不同,他强调了<易传>是孔门义理,并发掘了<周易>的辨证思维模式.乾坤两卦是牟宗三先生后期易学研究的主要内容,通过对这两卦的研究他提出了"乾坤并建"原则.乾坤并建包括创生原则和终成原则,乾元代表了创生原则,儒家的道德形上学全都藏在乾卦;坤元代表了终成原则,包含了儒家的道德修养、道德实践.易简原则也是乾坤并建的重要部分,易简原则就指出了道德修养的方法,确立了道德实践的第一义.超越内在则概括了<周易>的总体特征和儒家的智慧,是儒家道德形上学的集中体现.     

《大学章句》中的"出发点丧失"问题

先秦儒学史上,《中庸》对"过之"问题的强调,以及对由此引出的"真知"问题的处理,从根本上确立了心性论在儒学中的地位.宋明时代,《论语》、《大学》、《中庸》、《孟子》几经遴选最终脱颖而出,成为平起平坐的圣人之书.朱熹于"四书"之中最重《大学》.《大学章句》既是对《大学》的注释,同时也是在系统阐述朱子本人所服膺的修身之道.然而,《大学章句》在借用《中庸》、《孟子》的"性"概念时,几乎完全忽略了与之相应的"过之"与"真知"问题.顺此继续追踪,我们发现,《大学章句》虽设定了"仁义礼智之性",但实际上并未将其作为修身的出发点.在对"过之"与"真知"问题缺乏深刻体会的情况下,《大学章句》试图以"格物致知"作为获取真知的途径.然而,"格物致知"所蕴含的怀疑精神,最终却使实践者陷入了"不知该如何格致"的"出发点丧失"困境.