陈立与20世纪中国工业心理学

陈立的工业心理学生涯跨越70年, 但主要活动集中于1935至1937年, 1977至1990年代中期, 中断40年而再续, 可谓波澜起伏。除了1935年撰写的《工业心理学概观》, 陈立的主要贡献源于后一阶段, 其中包括：恢复了中断多年的中国心理学教学和研究、建立了中国第一个与管理有关的专业(工业心理学)和第一个国家重点实验室、培养了国内第一批工业心理学硕、博士、继承和发扬了实地调研—实验室研究—理论学习相结合的工业心理学传统; 陈立还通过写作和其他形式的呼吁, 促成了中国管理学的兴盛。但他晚年却觉得自己一生是失败的, 主要是因为他认为工业心理学没能做到 “指导人走向最适宜的机会, 并在此过程中实现最高的自我”。     

初二学生的科学观及其与科学发现学习的关系

该研究旨在通过问卷法和实验法考察初二学生在自然科学领域中的认识论观念及其对学习过程和策略的影响.研究一发现,在科学的动态性、有限性、客观性、理论价值取向、公众性以及对科学的态度兴趣等六种基本观念上,初二学生总体上持有较混合的看法;对科学的积极态度与学习者的物理学习成绩相关显著.研究二考察了科学观对科学发现学习的影响.科学的公众性观念与灵活应用测验成绩相关显著,科学的客观性观念及智力水平对科学发现学习中的控制性实验策略有重要影响.     

句子完成与时间缓冲对信息整合的启动作用

探讨句子完成和时间缓冲因素在阅读过程启动背景信息整合的作用。包括3个实验,被试是华南师范大学198名一年级本科生。采用移动窗口技术,要求被试阅读14篇一致性版本与不一致版本的文章,然后对不同条件下目标句阅读时间或探测反应时进行统计分析。实验1重复Guzman和Klin的研究,并进一步探讨单纯的句子完成因素是否能即时启动整合。结果表明,在单纯的句子完成条件下,一致版本和不一致版本的目标句阅读时间和探测反应时有显著差异,说明目标句阅读时已经即时启动了背景信息的整合。实验2探讨Guman和Klin关于缓冲可以即时启动整合的研究是否混合了句子完成因素的作用,结果表明,当在目标句后面增加连接词时,会产生句子完成的暗示,从而可以即时启动整合,Guzman和Klin关于缓冲可以启动整合的结果是值得商榷的。实验3从Guzman和Klin的研究设计中分离出句子完成因素,探讨单纯的时间缓冲是否可以即时启动整合,结果表明,单纯的缓冲不能即时启动整合。研究的结果初步证明,句子完成是启动信息整合的充分必要条件,而单纯的时间缓冲不能起到这种即时启动作用。     

A Research Tool to Increase Attention to Experimental Materials: Manipulating Presentation Format

Experimental approaches require researchers in a variety of applied business disciplines to design experimental materials. This research is often busy and difficult to secure high-level professionals; thus, researchers must ensure sufficient attention to experimental materials to provide usable data. The current study suggests an experimental design feature to encourage participants to thoroughly process information contained in experimental materials. Based on Reynolds' (1992) selective attention strategy (SAS) model, variations in presentation format were expected to influence the relative salience of information presented. Two aspects of presentation format were manipulated to increase salience: display (paragraph vs. bullet point) and typeface (standard vs. bold underlined). Results indicate display improved ability to retrieve information, but typeface did not. Implications for the design of experimental materials are discussed.     

Humanising forces: Phenomenology in science; Psychotherapy in technological culture

One of the concerns of the existential‐phenomenological tradition has been to examine the human implications of living in a world of proliferating technology. The pressure to become more specialised and efficient has become a powerful value and quest. Both contemporary culture and science enable us to have a view of human identity that focuses on our ‘parts’ and the compartmentalisation of our lives into specialised ‘bits’. This is a kind of abstraction, which psychology has also, at times, taken in its concern to mimic the natural sciences. As such, it may unconsciously collude with a cultural trend to view humans as objects, like other objects, and thus fit ‘normatively’ into the emerging world of specialised and efficient systems. This paper examines how the findings of a phenomenological study of psychotherapy reflect a movement by people in psychotherapy to recover their sense of human identity in ways that always transcend any form of objectification. Their human complexity is somewhat restored as they move back towards the concrete details of their lives where the human order has its life. In addition to considering the implications of these findings for restoring the uniquely human dimensions of human identity, the paper also considers the methodological role that an existential‐phenomenological approach can play in supporting a broader view of science. In wishing to be faithful to the human order, it champions the value of the human individual as a starting point in human science. This includes a return to concrete experiences, the balance between unique variations and the ground that we share, and the movement from the particular to the general. As such, a phenomenologically oriented psychology may have an important role to play in helping the broader sciences remember the ‘human scale’ of things.     

儿童社会信息加工的情绪－认知整合模型

回顾与总结了社会认知中情绪过程对儿童社会能力发展作用的研究成果,探讨了社会信息加工过程中情绪过程和认知的关系问题。发现就个人--社会决策活动而言,情绪过程具有核心作用。并且由此介绍了社会情绪--认知整合模型及其对情绪过程的理解。在此基础上,重点综述了情绪过程在社会情境中对儿童社会信息的线索编码与解释、目标分类、反应提取与决定及行为实施的影响。     

结构限制和作业难度对双重作业绩效的影响

通过对不同双重任务的呈现间隔时间和不同任务难度的双重任务的操作研究,探讨了结构限制与资源竞争对双重任务操作绩效的影响。实验结果表明：(1)两种作业呈现的间隔时间对双重任务操作绩效有明显的影响。间隔时间越大,双重任务的作业绩效越好。(2)作业难度对双重任务的操作有明显的影响。作业难度越大,双重任务的操作绩效越差。(3)两个作业呈现的间隔时间不同并不影响作业难度对双重任务操作绩效的作用。本研究的实验结果进一步证实了双重任务操作的三因素假设：结构限制、信息干扰和资源竞争是影响双重任务操作绩效的三个独立的原因。     

基于语境的预期推理构建的实验研究

两个实验用移动视窗技术,用目标句阅读时间和命名探测词两种指标来考察当文本中有两个情境模型时,读者是否会即时进行预期推理。结果表明,如果在支持性语境与引发推理的信息之间插入一个与支持性语境所描述的情境模型不同的,且与主人公目标有关的因果链上的情境模型的信息,则不管这个插入的情境模型在文本中的位置如何,也不管干扰信息的干扰水平高低,都会降低因果性预期推理在阅读中产生的可能性。     

Open Problems in the Philosophy of Information

Abstract: The philosophy of information (PI) is a new area of research with its own field of investigation and methodology. This article, based on the Herbert A. Simon Lecture of Computing and Philosophy I gave at Carnegie Mellon University in 2001, analyses the eighteen principal open problems in PI. Section 1 introduces the analysis by outlining Herbert Simon's approach to PI. Section 2 discusses some methodological considerations about what counts as a good philosophical problem. The discussion centers on Hilbert's famous analysis of the central problems in mathematics. The rest of the article is devoted to the eighteen problems. These are organized into five sections: problems in the analysis of the concept of information, in semantics, in the study of intelligence, in the relation between information and nature, and in the investigation of values.     

Reframing the Fields

The conception of metaphoric process elaborated by Mary Gerhart and Allan Russell illuminates a key mechanism often involved in the most significant advances in science and religion. Attention to this conceptual device provides a productive way to reframe the relationships and dialogues between the fields. The theory has compelling implications for reframing the understanding of theology and its task.