文本阅读中的信息整合研究

文本阅读中的信息整合研究是当前文本阅读研究的热点问题,在这一问题上,虽然当前研究已经达成了一些基本共识,但仍然存在着建构主义理论、最低限度假设和记忆基础文本加工理论这三种理论争议。本文详细介绍了这三种理论争议的主要观点和实验证据,特别是重点分析了三种理论争议的最新发展,在此基础上对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。     

Three Arguments For Scientific Freedom

The principle of scientific freedom is usually taken forgranted; few attempts have been made to justify it systematically. The present paper discusses three “classic” arguments, which are used to justify this principle. However, it will become clear that (a) each argument refers to a different understanding of science and therefore justifies a different type of science, and that (b) each of them is based on assumptions which are not always consistent with the social reality of scientific research; the profound changes science has undergone since its inception are not sufficiently taken into account.     

CONSCIOUS OBJECTIONS: GOD AND THE CONSCIOUSNESS DEBATES

Abstract. Consciousness studies are dogged with religious overtones, and many researchers fight hard against Christian ideas of soul or anything supernatural. This gives many studies on consciousness a particular relevance to religious belief. Many writers assume that, if consciousness can be explained physically, religious belief in a soul—and perhaps religious belief itself—must be false. Theorists of consciousness grapple with questions of materialism and reduction in trying to understand how the physical brain can produce the bizarre sensations that we call ourselves. In this essay I discuss the problems in trying to separate religion from science in such a “fuzzy” area as consciousness. I look at the question of what precisely theories of consciousness are trying to explain. I consider theories from David Chalmers, Daniel Dennett, and Roger Penrose as examples of different approaches. Although all of these are materialistically based, I argue that they do not necessarily demonstrate the nonexistence of a soul and also that religious belief does not necessarily require belief in a nonmaterial soul. I conclude with a discussion of why a physical/ materialist explanation of consciousness is desired and how religious bias is still a problem in this scientific/philosophical field.     

CYBORG: MYTH OR REALITY?

Abstract. The idea of cyborg often is taken as a token for the distinction between human and machine having become irrelevant. In this essay I argue against that view. I critically analyze empirical arguments, theoretical reflections, and ultimate convictions that are supposed to support the idea. I show that empirical arguments at this time rather point in a different direction and that theoretical views behind it are at least questionable. I also show that the ultimate convictions presupposed deny basic tenets of traditional Christianity, while their claim to be based on science confuses scientific results with their interpretation on the basis of a naturalistic world‐view.     

NATURALIZING TRANSCENDENCE IN THE NEW COSMOLOGIES OF EMERGENCE

Abstract. Recent discourse on emergence within the natural sciences offers a superior alternative to traditional notions of transcendence. Emergence is a term of common parlance in the natural sciences. It designates moments when various systems develop an internal dynamic that generates an entirely new level of complexity, a qualitatively different mode of existence that cannot simply be reduced to its constituent parts. To the natural scientist, emergence is an expression of transcendence without reference to final causality or central organizing principle. Autopoietic emergence is more congruent with contemporary understandings of the universe than the traditional anthropomorphizing concept of teleological design. In this article I offer both an interpretation of emergence as a new category for the interpretation of divinity and an explanation for traditional anthropomorphism rooted in contemporary cognitive sciences.     

Radical Semantics: A New Theory of Meaning

This paper extends Parikh’s earlier work in semantics with games of partial information and attempts to derive and represent the full content of an utterance from first principles. It also discusses various ways in which this content may be indeterminate.     

系列项目时间和空间信息学习的分组效应研究

运用顺序回忆方法考察分组对系列项目时间和空间信息学习的影响。包括两个实验,实验一考察简化时间上的分组,或事先告知被试分组规则的情况下,分组是否会有助于时间顺序信息的学习。结果发现,这两个操作对时间顺序信息学习的促进作用不显著。实验二考察了垂直维度上不同形式的分组对空间位置信息学习的影响。结果发现,不同的分组方式对空间位置信息学习所起的作用不同。本研究支持了时间和空间两类顺序信息学习的内在过程不同,不应该用同一理论机制进行解释。     

文本阅读中信息精确化推理的初步研究

采用动窗技术对文本阅读中信息精确化推理进行了初步研究。实验1研究在工作记忆范围内,信息精确化推理是即时发生的还是当局部信息不连贯时再重新追溯才发生。实验2探究信息精确化推理在长时记忆中是否也会发生。结果表明,文本阅读中的信息精确化推理,不管需要进行精确化推理的句子与包含推理所需信息的句子是处于同一工作记忆范围内,还是处于长时记忆中,推理都是即时发生的。     

4～6岁儿童对以计算机为核心的信息技术的概念表征

以概念图为研究工具考察了4~6岁儿童对以计算机为核心的信息技术的概念表征。结果表明:4~6岁儿童对计算机的结构与功能已有初步认识。这种认识直接源于与周围学习环境(包括幼儿园、家庭、社会)的相互作用,并表现出一定的年龄差异及性别偏好。研究还依据现象图式学对概念图的内容进行了探讨。