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911.
在信息伦理学领域 ,存在着两种不同的研究取向 :有些学者将信息伦理学作为一门非规范的伦理学来研究 ,而另一些学者则偏重于信息伦理学的规范性质。信息伦理学作为一门规范学科 ,应当研究不同类型的信息活动中已经存在或可能发生的伦理问题 ,而不能成为计算机伦理学、媒体伦理学、生物信息伦理学、网络伦理学的集装箱。规范的信息伦理学可以参考义务论、美德论、效果论的分析框架 ,而且要综合运用多种学科的方法。各国的信息伦理学有本土化的问题 ,但在全球性的信息沟通中 ,应当实现不同的信息伦理学的整合。 相似文献
912.
913.
Michael W. DeLashmutt 《Zygon》2006,41(4):801-810
Bronislaw Szerszynski's Nature, Technology and the Sacred (2005) offers a fresh look into the historical, cultural, and political implications of technology use in our contemporary situation. By challenging the standard interpretation of the secularization thesis, the book opens the door to a new kind of postmodern ordering of the sacred, which includes our ever‐developing perception of the environment and our ongoing use of technology. In my discussion of the text, I suggest that Szerszynski's argument could have been furthered by exploring the role played by both imagination and myth in creating the postmodern sacred that he describes. I argue that by giving consideration to Friedrich Dessauer's Christian theology of technology and the mythical imagination of contemporary science fiction literature and film, a more explicitly religious dimension of technology can be allowed to emerge in the form of the technological imaginary. 相似文献
914.
Stanley A. Klein 《Zygon》2006,41(3):567-572
Abstract. Lothar Schäfer has written a poetic tribute pointing out the relevance of quantum theory to religious beliefs. Two items in his article trouble me greatly. First are the excessive claims about the relevance of quantum mechanisms for the creation and evolution of life. Schäfer's claim that “everything that can happen must happen” can be dangerously misleading. The quantum rules predict that most outcomes have a near‐zero chance of occurring. Although “anything can happen” can be a wonderful metaphor for living life, it can be dangerous if taken literally. It can also be misleading when applied to Darwinian mechanisms. My second trouble was with Schäfer's desire to extract moral values from quantum principles in a literalist manner. Extracting ethics from science has always been problematic. Luckily, Schäfer provides balance to these objections by including many wonderful passages that in my opinion correctly point out how quantum theory should change the way we conceive of our place in the universe. I list twelve points in which the quantum ontology differs from our normal Newtonian ontology. Awareness of these aspects is typically missing from our usual appreciation of nature, so Schäfer's poetry on a number of these points is well appreciated. 相似文献
915.
Sjoerd L. Bonting 《Zygon》2006,41(3):713-726
Abstract. The theology of the Third Person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit, is not only a rather neglected but also a very diffuse subject. The neglect stems from the priority that was given in the early centuries to Christology. The diffuseness of pneumatology may well be a result of the bewildering variety of ways in which “spirit” or “Spirit” (Hebrew ruach, Greek pneuma) appears in the Bible. I attempt to bring the various activities ascribed to the Spirit under one heading, transmission of information, and then to see what can be learned from modern science about the role of the Spirit in creation. I suggest a distinct role of the Spirit in creation, jointly with but different from that of the Logos. Other occasions of a concerted action of Spirit and Logos are seen in the birth of Christ and the eschatological event. All of this leads to a trinitarian definition of creation. 相似文献
916.
PAULO CESAR SANDLER 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2006,87(1):179-201
This study attempts to identify the scientifi c, philosophical and psychoanalytic origins of Bion's work, and includes an organization of these in a comprehensive and synthetic way with the help of a synoptic table. Investigation has revealed Bion's scientifi c orientation, fed by classical and modern authors‐notably, Locke, Hume, Kant, Sylvester and Cayley, Poincaré, Heisenberg, and the German Romantics. Bion was able to rescue certain transcendent aspects of human, and also of Freudian, knowledge that had largely fallen into neglected obscurity. He made an original use of new verbal expressions related to the immaterial facts of psychic reality, the unconscious and the id. The method involves a search for counterparts in reality with two kinds of evidential source: some works and their authors have appeared ipsis litteris in Bion's work. In those situations where Bion does not cite the sources, the study has been able to establish connections with the lengthy marginal notes which Bion left in the texts of the books from his library. 相似文献
917.
Logistic Approximation to the Normal: The KL Rationale 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Victoria Savalei 《Psychometrika》2006,71(4):763-767
A rationale is proposed for approximating the normal distribution with a logistic distribution using a scaling constant based
on minimizing the Kullback–Leibler (KL) information, that is, the expected amount of information available in a sample to
distinguish between two competing distributions using a likelihood ratio (LR) test, assuming one of them is true. The new
constant 1.749, computed assuming the normal distribution is true, yields an approximation that is an improvement in fit of
the tails of the distribution as compared to the minimax constant of 1.702, widely used in item response theory (IRT). The
minimax constant is by definition marginally better in its overall maximal error. It is argued that the KL constant is more
statistically appropriate for use in IRT.
The author would like to thank Sebastian Schreiber for his generous assistance with this project. 相似文献
918.
Computerized adaptive testing under nonparametric IRT models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nonparametric item response models have been developed as alternatives to the relatively inflexible parametric item response
models. An open question is whether it is possible and practical to administer computerized adaptive testing with nonparametric
models. This paper explores the possibility of computerized adaptive testing when using nonparametric item response models.
A central issue is that the derivatives of item characteristic Curves may not be estimated well, which eliminates the availability
of the standard maximum Fisher information criterion. As alternatives, procedures based on Shannon entropy and Kullback–Leibler
information are proposed. For a long test, these procedures, which do not require the derivatives of the item characteristic
eurves, become equivalent to the maximum Fisher information criterion. A simulation study is conducted to study the behavior
of these two procedures, compared with random item selection. The study shows that the procedures based on Shannon entropy
and Kullback–Leibler information perform similarly in terms of root mean square error, and perform much better than random
item selection. The study also shows that item exposure rates need to be addressed for these methods to be practical.
The authors would like to thank Hua Chang for his help in conducting this research. 相似文献
919.
成人性用品研发的历史在我国源远流长。明代随着商品经济的发展,愈益刺激了人们追求享乐的欲望。男女对性爱满意度的关注,催生了民间医家在继承传统春药的基础上,积极探索开发各种适应社会需要的成人性药品,并以著作的形式加以推广普及,性药品的开发也反映了明代医学的发展。 相似文献