叙事医学本土化的若干思考

叙事医学为人文社会学科介入医学范畴提供了建构性方案,使技术至上的医疗实践逐渐转向重视患者个体的生活价值、痛苦关怀的人文实践,对于医患主体间的鸿沟消弭、理解改善具有独到之处。然而,在中国式现代化的路径视角下,依然需要对西方语境中的叙事医学方法论进行审慎反思,尤其是要考虑国别体制下的文化差异与社会现实,避免造成简单化搬运与应用。在扎根中国本土情境的基础上,探索适应我国的医疗卫生实践、构建和谐医患环境的叙事医学模式。     

USING PARENTS TO MAINTAIN IMPROVED DENTAL FLOSSING SKILLS IN CHILDREN

An experimenter-administered intervention involving prompts, self-monitoring, permanent product collection, rewards for plaque reduction, and corrective feedback was used to improve the flossing skills of four 7- to 11-year-old children. Parents were subsequently trained in the reward and feedback procedures to facilitate maintenance. In a multiple baseline across subjects design, all four subjects snowed improvement in plaque between teeth during experimenter-administered intervention. Three subjects maintained low plaque levels during the 3- to 4-month parent-administered rewards and feedback follow-up condition. Improved plaque levels on nontargeted tooth surfaces also were observed. Pediatric dentistry applications are discussed.     

Building a primary care discipline: Notes from a psychologist in family medicine

Psychologists of a variety of emphases have actively participated in the growth of family medicine as an academic discipline. Rather than simply collaborate, they have shaped the very nature of the field. This paper describes a number of contributions from psychologists in family systems and educational arenas. In particular, physician-psychologist collaborative work is highlighted.     

The anthropological tradition in the philosophy of medicine

The tradition of anthropological medicine in philosophy of medicine is analyzed in relation to the earlier interest in epistemological issues in medicine around the turn of the century as well as to the current interest in medical ethics. It is argued that there is a continuity between epistemological, anthropological and ethical approaches in philosophy of medicine. Three basic ideas of anthropologically-oriented medicine are discussed: the rejection of Cartesian dualism, the notion of medicine as science of the human person, and the necessity of a comprehensive understanding of disease. Next, it is discussed why the anthropological movement has been superseded by the increasing interest in medical ethics. It is concluded that the present-day moral issues cannot be interpreted and resolved without clarification of the underlying anthropological images.     

OPERANT TREATMENT OF OROFACIAL DYSFUNCTION IN NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS

The popularity and reported success of biofeedback treatment for neuromuscular disorders has occurred despite a lack of research identifying the critical variables responsible for therapeutic gain. In this study, we assessed the degree to which severe neurological dysfunction could be improved by using one of the components present in all biofeedback treatment, contingency management. Three cases of orofacial dysfunction were treated by reinforcing specific improvements reliably detectable without the use of biofeedback equipment. The results showed that contingency management procedures alone were sufficient to improve overt motor responses but, unlike biofeedback treatment, did not produce decreases in the hypertonic muscle groups associated with the trained motor behavior. The findings suggest that sophisticated, expensive biofeedback equipment may not be necessary in treating some neuromuscular disorders and that important clinical gains may be achieved by redesigning the patient's daily environment to be contingently therapeutic, rather than only accommodating the disabilities of the physically handicapped.     

BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC FOOD REFUSAL IN HANDICAPPED CHILDREN

In this study, we examined the eating behavior of four handicapped children, none of whom exhibited self-feeding skills. All children had a history of food refusal and were nutritionally at risk; one child received all nourishment by way of a gastrostomy tube. Baseline data taken during mealtimes indicated that all children accepted very little food, expelled food frequently, and engaged in a number of disruptive behaviors. Treatments consisted of one or more of the following contingent events: social praise, access to preferred foods, brief periods of toy play, and forced feeding. Results of multiple-baseline and reversal designs showed marked behavioral improvement for each child and increases in the amount of food consumed. Further improvements were noted at follow-up, which ranged from 7 to 30 months posttreatment.     

A “new rhetoric” for a “new dialectic”: Prolegomena to a responsible public argument

This essay offers, as a counterpart to pragma-dialectical argument, a “new rhetoric” produced in the situated discourse of a public forum when a community addresses matters of common urgency and undertakes informed action. Such a rhetoric takes the principles of discourse ethics as its informing dialectic by identifying an interlocutor as one who is obligatedboth to argue effectively,and also to hold open, even reinforce, norms of communicative reason. Implications concerning the study of fallacies and theethos obligations of communicative reasoning are discussed.     

医学的“死亡”背景与现代医学对死亡的遗忘

人是一种承担着有死性的存在物,一切从人出发并为了人的事业都必须在“人固有一死”的背景中进行。首先阐述了死亡对于医学的背景意义:死亡是人类面临的客观的、必要的限制,关于死亡的立场对于医学具有源始性与优先性,最后从三个方面揭示了当代医学对于死亡的立场:遗忘。     

整合医学再探

整合医学就是将医学各领域最先进的知识理论和临床各专科最有效的实践经验分别加以有机整合,并根据社会、环境、心理的现实,以人体全身状况为根本,进行修整、调整,使之成为更加符合、更加适合人体健康和疾病治疗的新的医学体系。整,即整理的整,是方法,是手段,是过程;合,即适合的合,是要求,是标准,是结果。     

现代性反思与好医学的建构

直击医学的现代性命题,提出现代医学的双向价值,不仅指向进步、理性、福利,同样也指向堕落、蛮性、贪婪。轻视学科自身的现代性反思与批评,是现代医学陷入困境的根本原因。医学的现代性危机已经成为当下医学发展与医改的难题,只有认真反思医学的现代性,才能走出迷途,迈向理想主义(好医学)的彼岸。