幽门螺杆菌感染与胃肠外疾病的关系

流行病学研究显示幽门螺杆菌可能与某些胃肠外疾病发生有关,根除治疗可能缓解缺铁性贫血、ITP、酒糟鼻等疾病的临床症状和实验室异常。从粥样硬化相关心血管疾病、血液系统疾病、皮肤病的研究结果看,尽管有证据显示该类疾病患者幽门螺杆菌感染率高于普通人群,但二者是因果还是伴随现象仍不得而知,同时尚无根除治疗远期效果的报道。对相关胃肠外疾病是否需要进行幽门螺杆菌检测和治疗尚无定论。鉴于流行病学研究的局限性和发病机制的不确定性,对二者关系应持慎重态度,避免对幽门螺杆菌检测和根除治疗的过度滥用。二者关系的阐明有待机制研究的进展。     

同性恋形成机制探析

尽管人们对同性恋越来越宽容,但它仍是一种反常规现象。让现有同性恋者放弃同恋行为来减少同性恋难度很大,也不人道。在同性恋形成机制的问题上,有生理机制说和社会心理机制说。本文倾向于社会心理机制说。尝试从同性恋的社会心理机制上把同性恋分为两个形成亚型,并说明了每个亚型形成的具体过程。     

医疗纠纷非诉讼解决机制与和谐医患关系

医疗纠纷的急剧攀升与解决医疗纠纷的方式和途径较为单一、过分倚重诉讼有直接的关系。要改变医疗纠纷的现状,构建和谐医患关系,必须克服法治等于诉讼的误区,建立以法律规范为指导,以预防机制为基础,以非诉讼解决机制为主要方式,以法律诉讼为最终途径的多元化的医疗纠纷解决机制。     

面孔加工特异性的事件相关电位研究

采用事件相关电位方法,以面孔、汽车、鸟和椅子为刺激,在汽车搜索作业及分类判断作业两种条件下考察了N170面孔特异性效应。结果发现,面孔在两种条件下均引起明显不同于其余三类物体的N170。实验任务对汽车刺激有明显的影响,具体表现为：在搜索作业下,汽车N170有接近面孔N170的趋势,其波幅显著大于鸟、椅子N170的波幅;在分类作业中,则没有这种显著的差异。从而为证明存在面孔识别的特异性神经机制提供了证据。     

金钱对幸福感的影响及其心理机制

传统经济学家认为,更多的收入会导致更高的幸福水平。心理学家在这个问题上则显得谨慎一些,他们从多个方面考察了金钱与幸福感之间的关系,并从中得出了一些引人深思的结论。研究表明,金钱能够通过人格、目标、动机、社会比较、适应与压力等中介变量对幸福感产生影响。未来研究应该在研究对象和方法上加以改进,在心理机制方面进行更深入的探讨。此外,本土化研究在我国有着重要的现实意义,有待于加强     

Consistency-based compliance across cultures

A field study investigated cross-cultural differences in choice-congruent behavior and its impact on compliance. U.S. and Asian participants received a request to complete an online survey and a month later they were approached with a larger, related request. Compliance with the initial request had a stronger impact on subsequent compliance among the U.S. participants than among the Asian participants. Despite their lower rate of compliance with the initial request, the U.S. participants who chose to comply were more likely than their Asian counterparts to agree to the subsequent request. Further analyses revealed that this effect was driven by differences in the individualistic/collectivistic orientation of the participants from the two cultures. Within both cultures, the more individualistic participants showed stronger consistency with their earlier compliance than the more collectivistically oriented participants.     

Status generalization in context: The moderating role of groups

Status generalization has been described as a process directly linking social status at the societal level to influence in interpersonal interactions, providing one mechanism through which status inequalities in society are maintained. It is argued in this paper that groups can moderate status generalization when a status characteristic is non-prototypical of the group. Two experiments are reported that measured the relative influence of an older and younger target within different group contexts: an undergraduate student group and a broader university group. In both experiments, the older target was more influential than the younger target in the context of the university group, but the younger target was more influential in the context of the undergraduate student group. Findings are discussed in relation to status generalization and referent informational influence as separate influence processes.     

The role of social norm clarity in the influenced expression of prejudice over time

Social influence has been shown to be a powerful, but underexamined, tool in altering prejudice-related attitudes. Most notably, hearing one person condemn or condone discrimination can influence another person to do the same (Blanchard, Crandall, Brigham, & Vaughn, 1994). The current study assesses a potential underlying mechanism that may determine the extent to which participants are socially influenced to alter their prejudice-related beliefs: the clarity of the social norm regarding the expression of prejudice. In addition, the study assesses longer-term effects of social influence (see Stangor, Sechrist, & Jost, 2001). Results from 270 participants revealed that the extent of social influence was predicted by the clarity of the social norm for displaying prejudice and that participants were influenced both immediately and one month later by others’ opinions. We discuss the theoretical implications of the finding that one person can produce lasting change in another person’s prejudice-related belief system.     

从对框架效应的分析看风险决策的神经基础

对风险决策的研究近年来一直是微观经济学和心理学的热门,但是从传统的决策理论到主张有限理性的预期理论大多是对决策行为的研究,决策的心理机制一直是无法解释的黑箱子。令人兴奋的是近几年来神经科学家及其他领域的学者开始用先进的神经心理学的方法来研究风险决策,试图理解神经过程调节风险决策行为的方式。文章从分析违背“不变性”原则的框架效应入手,从正反框架、确定选择和风险选择、风险规避和风险寻求、高估小概率事件几个方面,全面分析风险决策可能的神经基础。在总结已有研究的基础上提出了把风险决策研究扩展到不确定决策,把风险决策中的一次决策研究扩展到多次决策的研究思路     

视觉搜索过程中的眼跳及其机制

该文对视觉搜索过程中的眼跳及其时间进程、神经机制及相关的理论与模型等方面研究进行了回顾。发现内外源性眼跳得到了研究者的普遍关注,对眼运动记忆、返回抑制及眼跳时间进程的研究尚存在分歧。关于眼跳的神经机制,额叶眼动区与上丘分别被认为是眼跳的关键区与指令发出者。尽管不同的眼跳理论与模型对眼跳现象给出了各自的解释,但都不尽完善,尚需对这些理论进行整合或者提出新的解释模型。文章还对未来的研究进行了展望