The Factor Structure of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale in University Students

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is a widely used measure of perfectionism. Previous studies of the nature of the factors of the FMPS have resulted in mixed findings and have failed to identify a stable factor structure. This study investigated the factor structure of the FMPS using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), addressing previous methodological limitations. Participants were 6,449 students from two Australian universities. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a five‐factor model and a reduction in variables from 35 to 29 (FMPS‐29). CFA demonstrated goodness of fit of the revised measure. We also compared our model with a number of existing measurement models of perfection and found the proposed model provided a superior fit for this university student population. Support was found for the two second‐order constructs commonly referred to as adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism, although there appears to be little benefit in using this model over the first‐order model. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

Is there a place for individual subjectivity within a social constructionist epistemology?

The epistemological turn towards social constructionism has become well established within the field of family systemic therapy. Social constructionism has provided therapists with a theoretical rationale for the concentration upon the social context within which individuals and families live their lives. This is a philosophical position that pushes to the margins the positivist premise that individuals have fixed and measurable personalities in favour of a discourse which proposes that the person is encountered differently within different social contexts. Prompted by the growing interest in systemic practice with individuals and by the rediscovery of the psychoanalytic canon within family therapy literature, the adequacy of this position is examined and an attempt is made to open up a space within social constructionist discourse for a theory of individual subjectivity. Findings from a research project are the starting point for this venture. These findings are understood through the lens of psychoanalytic theory, with particular reference to the work of Jacques Lacan.     

关于实验心理学中推理的现代心理测量方法(英文)

推理测验与推理实验不同。推理测验用来衡量智商;而推理实验则用来研究推理的心理过程。测验旨在找出能力的个体差异;而实验则意在突出所有个体的一般性心理过程。近年来,心理学中的推理已经发生了变化,我们在理论进化方面简要地总结了如下这些变化:关注点从推理任务中的反应过程变为个体对不同任务做反应时的差异和其中稳定的反应模式,开始考虑不同推理者的组织差异和数量差异(犹如不同游泳运动员的游泳动作和肌肉数量)。然而,这些理论创新必须有精确的建模技术的支持。我们将以条件推理材料为例,展示了现代心理测量方法可以帮我们解决理论创新中产生的三类主要的研究问题。     

Therapists' views of the relative benefits and pitfalls of group work and one-to-one counselling for bereavement

Aim: To explore therapists' perceptions of the relative benefits and pitfalls of group work and individual counselling for bereaved clients. Method: Semi-structured interviews with nine experienced bereavement therapists from a range of different contexts generated data which was analysed using grounded theory methodology. Findings: Groups were perceived as having a normalising influence, helping members make new social contacts and practice social skills. Individual counselling was seen as facilitating the initial telling of the story and the expression of extreme emotion. Discussion: The findings suggest that individual counselling may be useful as a primary intervention easing ‘emotional loneliness’ caused by the death of a spouse or attachment figure. Group work may be of more benefit later in the bereavement process, facilitating an engagement with the outside world and alleviating ‘social loneliness’. Implications for practice: This suggests that bereavement services might usefully combine group and individual provision. Initial assessment could help clients clarify their needs and facilitate their choice of service. This would be more cost effective and potentially ease clients' bereavement experience.     

注意瞬脱效应的个体差异

注意瞬脱是指个体在对同一位置出现的多个刺激进行识别时, 如果第二个目标刺激出现在第一个目标刺激之后200~500 ms之间, 那么个体对第二个目标刺激的识别会显著降低的现象。研究表明, 注意瞬脱效应在健康人群中存在显著的个体差异, 主要表现在工作记忆、对分心刺激的抑制能力、意向聚焦、情绪状态和人格等方面。近年来, 注意瞬脱的个体差异也在多种神经疾病的临床研究中得到重视。未来的研究应更多关注注意瞬脱效应个体差异背后的神经机制以及应用研究。     

绩效薪酬对员工突破性创造力和渐进性创造力的影响

研究分别从认知评价理论和习得性努力理论视角考察了绩效薪酬对员工突破性创造力和渐进性创造力的影响及其作用机制, 并检验了变革型领导和交易型领导对上述两条路径的调节效应。基于24家企业的364对上下级匹配数据的研究结果表明：绩效薪酬对内在动机和突破性创造力没有显著的影响, 对外在动机和渐进性创造力有显著的正向影响。变革型领导调节绩效薪酬与突破性创造力的关系：高变革领导情境下, 绩效薪酬通过正向影响内在动机间接对突破性创造力产生正向影响; 低变革领导情境下, 绩效薪酬通过负向影响内在动机间接对突破性创造力产生负向影响。交易型领导调节绩效薪酬与渐进性创造力的关系：交易型领导通过强化绩效薪酬对外在动机的影响进而放大了绩效薪酬对渐进性创造力的正向效应。针对上述结果, 讨论了本文的理论与实践意义。     

自我职涯管理与职涯高原的关系

组织结构扁平化导致职涯高原员工逐渐增多,给个体和组织造成了消极影响。本研究通过对338名企业员工的问卷调查探讨自我职涯管理与职涯高原的关系。结果显示：自我职涯管理中的职业探索与层级高原、内容高原及中心化高原正相关;目标确定与层级高原、关注学习与内容高原、注重关系与中心化高原及内容高原负相关;自我展示虽在简单相关分析中与内容高原及中心化高原负相关,但在回归分析中则相关不显著。     

技能和风格：理性思维的两种测量途径

本文通过总结前人关于理性思维的个体差异的研究, 介绍和区分了两种有关理性思维的测量途径, 并讨论了二者之间的内在关系。理性思维可以分成技能和风格两种形式。前者常用评价性的、情境测试方式进行评估, 后者常用描述性的、自陈量表方式进行测量。通过分析认知能力对这两种理性思维的影响, 本文提出一个认知能力与理性思维技能和思维风格关系的理论模型, 为后续在理性思维测量方法上的研究提供一种理论指导。     

语篇理解中语义整合的神经机制及其影响因素

语义整合是把当前阅读中新出现的词语与之前的语境进行语义联结以形成连贯表征的过程。在语篇理解中, 很多理论都确定了整合这一过程的重要性, 语义整合是达成语篇连贯的一个关键步骤, 探究其神经机制及影响因素对理解语篇有重要意义。已有的ERP研究表明语篇理解中的语义整合是即时发生的; 已有的fMRI研究和神经震荡的分析提供了参与这一过程的具体脑区和神经网络的证据。其影响因素主要包括语篇内因素、非言语因素和个体差异。     

口语句子产生中词汇选择的计划单元：来自大中小学生的比较研究

采用图-词干扰范式,要求被试口语产生包含三个名词的句子,通过检验句中不同位置的名词上的语义干扰效应, 探讨大中小学生言语产生中词汇选择的计划单元。结果发现,大学生和初中生都只在第一个名词上发现了言语产生潜伏期的语义干扰效应,表明其词汇选择的计划单元只限于第一个名词,支持了严格递进假设;小学生在三个名词上都没有发现潜伏期的语义干扰效应,表明小学生没有稳定地选择好第一个名词即开始发音。由此可见,词汇选择的计划单元大小是可变的,存在年龄上的个体差异,主要表现在小学生和初中生之间。