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181.
Domain knowledge facilitates performance in many cognitive tasks. However, very little is known about the interplay between domain knowledge and factors that are believed to reflect general, and relatively stable, characteristics of the individual. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the interplay between domain knowledge and one such factor: working memory capacity. Adults from wide ranges of working memory capacity, age, and knowledge about the game of baseball listened to, and then answered questions about, simulated radio broadcasts of baseball games. There was a strong facilitative effect of preexisting knowledge of baseball on memory performance, particularly for information judged to be directly relevant to the baseball games. However, there was a positive effect of working memory capacity on memory performance as well, and there was no indication that domain knowledge attenuated this effect. That is, working memory capacity contributed to memory performance even at high levels of domain knowledge. Similarly, there was no evidence that domain knowledge attenuated age-related differences (favoring young adults) in memory performance. We discuss implications of the results for understanding proficiency in cognitive domains from an individual-differences perspective. 相似文献
182.
Using Estimates of the Output Productivity Ratio (SDp) to Improve the Accuracy and Managerial Acceptance of Utility Analysis Estimates 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael K. Judiesch 《Journal of business and psychology》2001,16(2):165-176
This study compared nursing supervisors' percentile estimates (15th, 50th, and 85th) of staff nurse performance made in terms of dollar value and two alternative metrics—output (number of patients cared for) and staffing (number of nurses required to staff a unit). Of the three estimation procedures, nursing supervisors were most confident in the accuracy of their output-based estimates and least confident in the accuracy of their dollar value-based estimates. Estimates of the standard deviation of performance as a percentage of mean performance (SDp) ranged from 19% for the staffing-based estimate to 29% for the output-based estimate. Contrary to expectations, dollar value-based SDp estimates were only minimally correlated with staffing- and output-based SDp estimates. I conclude that allowing supervisors to make percentile estimates in terms of familiar metrics has potential value for improving the accuracy and managerial acceptability of utility analysis. 相似文献
183.
We compared right-handed familial dextral (FS-) and familial sinistral (FS+) participants who were aged either 10-13 years (children) or 18-23 years (adults). In word probe and associative probe tasks, FS+ adults responded faster than all other groups and FS+ children responded more slowly than all other groups. In the word probe task, only the FS- adults showed a significant effect of the serial position of the target word. We interpret these differences to support an analysis-by-synthesis model of comprehension in which individuals who differ in familial handedness and age emphasize different linguistic representations during comprehension. In general, FS+ individuals focus on words and meaning, while FS- individuals focus on syntactic representations. In FS+ individuals, age-related experiences with language produce a shift in responding from compositional meaning to words and their associations. In FS- individuals, age-related experiences with language produce a shift toward responding based more on detailed syntactic representations, including the serial order of words and possibly the structural roles of clauses. 相似文献
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靶控输注技术作为一种新兴的静脉给药方法,凭借其独特的优势已广泛的应用于临床麻醉,但个体差异的存在使靶控输注技术的应用受到局限。通过对病人个体差异的哲学分析,阐述个体差异对靶控输注技术的影响。并就克服个体差异的影响,提出了靶控输注技术的个体化应用。 相似文献
187.
英国的健康促进与个人自由 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
从英国的3种自由观——消极自由、积极自由和赋权自由出发,论述了健康促进和个人自由的关系。通过比较不同自由观的特征以及其对健康促进的影响,得出结论:当今英国政府主张的赋权自由,尊重和维护了公众的个人选择,提高了公众在健康教育过程中的参与性,有助于健康促进的开展。 相似文献
188.
分布式认知——一种新的认知观点 总被引:37,自引:0,他引:37
分布式认知是指认知分布于个体内、个体间、媒介、环境、文化、社会和时间等之中。它是一种包括所有参与认知的事物的新的分析单元。该文首先简要介绍了分布式认知的概念及分布式认知的历史渊源;其次阐述了分布式认知和个体认知的关系,并介绍了描述这种关系的交互模型和同心圆模型;最后结合实例说明了分布式认知的理论研究意义和实际应用价值。 相似文献
189.
个体创造性行为的动力来源探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
个体创造性行为的动力来源一直是心理学研究者们争论的焦点,也是创造力研究领域中最为激动人心的话题。该文综述了人格特质理论、精神分析学派、人本主义、行为主义与社会心理学取向的研究者们对这一问题的看法。结论认为创造性行为的动力来源于个体内、外两个方面,社会心理学取向的研究具有特殊的实践意义,并且提出探讨环境作用的机制是进一步研究的方向。 相似文献
190.
Kenji Noguchi Carol L. Gohm David J. Dalsky Shinji Sakamoto 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2007,10(2):68-76
Differences between North American and East Asian cultures were examined in terms of the valence of psychological constructs. Americans were more likely than Japanese to focus on positive things. In contrast, Japanese ( vs Americans) were more likely to attend to negative information of the self, but not more or less likely to focus on negative things about others. Based on within-culture analyses, the Americans' data were better described by their tendency to focus on positive things over negative things than by their tendency for self-enhancement. In contrast, the Japanese data were better described by their self-critical tendency. This result was replicated in a second study. In addition, correlations between constructs with opposite valences were negative in the USA, but positive or absent in Japan. 相似文献