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981.
对友谊关系社会认知发展的跨文化比较研究 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
该研究以友谊许诺为主题的故事分别对冰岛(雷克雅未克市)和中国(北京市)的7岁和9岁小学儿童作个别随访,探查儿童在友谊矛盾冲突情景中是如何作出行动决定选择及道德评价的。研究结果揭示了文化及年龄变量对儿童有关社会认知发展的影响。 相似文献
982.
Nailos Michelle A. Whitman Thomas L. Maxwell Scott E. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1994,4(2):201-216
Past research and theory presents an inconsistent picture concerning the relative value of verbal versus visual instructional programs for individuals with mental retardation. From an empirical perspective, there is evidence that this inconsistency may be due to the differences in the type of tasks and the specific abilities of the subjects employed across studies. In this research, the effects of three instructional procedures (verbal, visual, and verbal plus visual) were evaluated with mentally retarded persons who varied in verbal and visual ability. Performance was examined on a visual task which incorporated stimuli of varying degrees of familiarity to the subjects. The results indicated that the use of the combined verbal-visual instruction procedure was more effective than the other two training programs when task stimuli were familiar to the subjects. When task stimuli were unfamiliar, instructional procedures which had a visual component were found to be superior to a procedure which employed only the use of verbal component. The subjects' visual ability was most strongly associated with performance outcome when visual instruction was employed and unfamiliar task stimuli were sorted. In contrast, subjects' verbal ability appeared to be equally important across instructional and task conditions. The implications of the results for the design of instructional programs and for future research are discussed. 相似文献
983.
Ward H. Goodenough 《Zygon》1997,32(1):5-27
Moral outrage is a response to the behavior of others, never one's own. It is a response to infringements or transgressions on what people perceive to be the immunities they, or others with whom they identify, can expect on the basis of their rights and privileges and what they understand to be their reasonable expectations regarding the behavior of others. A person's culturally defined social identities and the rights and privileges that go with them in relationships to which those identities can be party make up the contents of that person's social persona and also constitute that person's social territory. Infringements of rights and privileges in the social and symbolic worlds in which humans live are the equivalent of encroachments on territory among animals, and moral outrage can be understood as the human expression of what we perceive as territorial behavior in animals. As emotion, outrage is affected by such clinical processes as displacement, rationalization, projection, and reaction formation. Outrage has an essential role in the maintenance of viable social groups, but it also exacerbates conflict among people who perceive one another as "others." 相似文献
984.
VIRGINIA HELD 《The Journal of Ethics》1997,1(2):187-202
The meanings of violence, political violence, and terrorism are briefly discussed. I then consider the responsibilities of the media, especially television, with respect to political violence, including such questions as how violence should be described, and whether the media should cover terrorism. I argue that the media should contribute to decreasing political violence through better coverage of arguments for and against political dissidents' views, and especially through more and better treatment of nonviolent means of influencing political processes. Since commercial pressures routinely conflict with media responsibility, I argue that society should liberate substantial amounts of culture from such pressures. 相似文献
985.
Whereas previous studies have criticized low-quality products for inadequate safety, this paper considers only safe products,
and it examines the ethics of designing and selling low-quality products. Product quality is defined as suitability to a general
purpose. The duty that companies owe to consumers is summarized in the Consumer-Oriented Process principle: “to place an increase
in the consumer’s quality of life as the primary goal for producing products.” This principle is applied in analyzing the
primary ethical justifications for low-quality products: availability and applicability. Finally, a low-quality product should
be designed afresh, not by altering an existing high-quality product.
Supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant CCR-9315696. The views, opinions, and conclusions of this paper are
not necessarily those of the University of Illinois or the National Science Foundation. A preliminary version of this paper
was presented at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, St. Louis, Mo., February
29 to March 2, 1996.
Willem Bakker is an undergraduate at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is majoring in computer engineering
and philosophy.
Michael Loui is professor of electrical and computer engineering and associate dean of the Graduate College at the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. From 1990 to 1991, he served at the National Science Foundation in Washington, D.C. His scholarly
interests include computational complexity theory, theory of parallel and distributed computation, faulttolerant software,
and professional ethics. 相似文献
986.
David B. Resnik Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(3):237-243
This essay discusses some of the problems with current authorship practices and puts forward a proposal for a new system of
credit allocation: in published works, scientists should more clearly define the responsibilities and contributions of members
of research teams and should distinguish between different roles, such as author, statistican, technician, grant writer, data
collector, and so forth.
Dr. Resnik is an Associate Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Center for the Advancement of Ethics, University of
Wyoming. Information is available on website: http://www.uwyo.edu/bu/acct/cae.htm 相似文献
987.
This paper addresses several concerns in teaching engineering ethics. First, there is the problem of finding space within
already crowded engineering curricula for meaningful discussions of ethical dimensions in engineering. Some engineering programs
may offer entire courses on engineering ethics; however, most do not at present and may not in the foreseeable future. A promising
possibility is to weave ethics into already existing courses using case studies, but most current case studies are not well
integrated with engineering technical analysis. There is a danger that case studies will be viewed by both instructors and
students as departures from “business as usual”—interesting perhaps, but not essentially connected with “real” engineering.
We offer a case study, inspired by the National Society of Professional Engineer’s popular video Gilbane Gold, that can be used to make the connection. It requires students to engage in technical analysis, but in a context that makes
apparent the ethical responsibility of engineers. Further, the case we present marks a significant departure from more typical
cases that primarily focus on wrongdoing and its prevention. We concentrate more positively on what responsible engineering
requires. There is a need for more such cases, regardless of whether they are to be used in standard engineering courses or
in separate courses in engineering ethics.
This article is the product of the NSF/Bovay Endowment “Workshop to Develop Numerical Problems Associated With Ethics Cases
for use in Required Undergraduate Engineering Courses” (NSF Grant DUE-9455141) held at Texas A&M University in August 1995.
For further information about this project, contact Michael J. Rabins, Director of the Ethics and Professionalism Program
in the Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. Additional case studies from this workshop are available on the
Internet site http://ethics.tamu.edu. The writing of this article was supported in part by “Engineering Ethics: Good Works”
(NSF/EVS Grant SBR-930257).
Michael Pritchard teaches ethics and is co-author of Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases (1995) with C.E. Harris and Michael Rabins (Wadsworth, Belmont CA).
Mark Holtzapple teaches chemical engineering and is author of Foundations of Engineering (McGraw-Hill) which includes an ethics chapter suitable for freshman engineering students. 相似文献
988.
The social responsibilities of biological scientists 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Biological scientists, like scientists in other disciplines, are uncertain about whether or how to use their knowledge and
time to provide society with insight and guidance in handling the effects of inventions and discoveries. This article addresses
this issue. It presents a typography of structures in which scientists may contribute to social understanding and decisions.
It describes the different ways in which these contributions can be made. Finally it develops the ethical arguments that justify
the view that biological scientists have social responsibilities.
The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Department of Defense. 相似文献
989.
Larry Michelson 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1984,6(4):349-367
The importance of individual differences, response profiles, and treatment consonance in anxiety-disorders clinical research is reviewed. Anxiety-disorders assessment, synchrony, and concordance phenomena are examined within the framework of the tripartite model. Issues regarding response stereotypy, response specificity, and etiological vs. current response typologies are discussed. Interactions of varying response profiles with different treatment modalities are addressed, in terms of both previous and prospective studies. A preliminary classification schema is offered, for illustrative purposes, with empirical support for the differential outcome of anxiety patients receiving consonant vs. nonconsonant response profile × treatment type pairings. Hypotheses are presented regarding predicted effects of consonant vs. nonconsonant subject-treatment interactions. Recommendations for programmatic research are offered to accelerate scientific inquiry into the role of individual differences and response profiles in anxiety-disorders assessment, treatment, and research.Preparation of this paper was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH 36299. 相似文献
990.