真实性的影响因素及干预的研究进展

从20世纪末开始,西方真实性研究开始突破弗洛伊德理论的限制,得以蓬勃发展。目前研究着重于探讨家庭环境、个性和性别因素对真实性的影响以及各种真实性干预方法的有效性问题,如会心团体、觉知训练和自我肯定性训练在提高个体真实性中的作用。研究存在的问题是真实性的跨文化一致性仍然存在争议,不能把西方研究结果照搬到我国。未来的研究趋势集中于定性和定量研究方法相结合开展真实性的本土化研究,以及开展中国人的真实性干预研究。     

医调委:功能冲突与制度调适

为了回应日益严峻的医患冲突, 医患纠纷人民调解委员会 (简称"医调委") 这一专业性调解组织在全国范围内被广泛地组建起来。研究表明医调委既要维护医疗场所秩序稳定, 又要满足患方权利诉求, 同时还需要保护医疗机构的合法权益, 在很多时候, 这些功能需求存在尖锐的冲突。虽然医调委发展出一些制度性策略来缓和这些功能冲突, 但是效果有限。医调委的长远发展在很大程度上受制于医疗诉讼, 为医调委的长远发展考虑, 需要从理论上进一步思考其组织定位。     

古尔德——道金斯之争的核心问题

斯蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德和理查德·道金斯是著名的进化生物学家和颇有影响的媒体科学家,他们在进化论的很多方面都有不同意见。“进化是进步的吗?”是古尔德和道金斯之争的核心问题。在追溯这一问题的历史的基础之上,考察古尔德和道金斯观点的分歧以及探讨这种分歧背后的可能原因。     

相对剥夺感:概念、测量、影响因素及作用

相对剥夺感(relative deprivation,RD)是指个体或群体通过与参照群体比较而感知到自身处于不利地位,进而体验到愤怒和不满等负性情绪的一种主观认知和情绪体验。目前,相对剥夺感的测量模型主要有个体–群体RD与认知–情感RD的二维垂直结构模型、认知–情感RD的双维结构模型、个体–群体RD的双维结构模型以及RD的三维结构模型。影响相对剥夺感的相关因素主要包括人口统计学变量、个体特征变量和社会环境变量。影响效应方面,相对剥夺感与心理健康、个体行为等个体水平变量以及群际态度、集群行为等群体水平变量的关系是当前关注的焦点。今后研究的重点应包括完善相对剥夺感的概念与结构、注重青少年及特殊群体研究、丰富研究内容和视角、强化纵向干预研究以及本土化和跨文化研究等。     

Assessing the predictive validity of cultural intelligence over time

The study examines four core components of cultural intelligence (CQ) - Behavioral, Motivational, Cognitive and Meta-cognitive - as predictors of cross-cultural adaptation problems in a longitudinal study of international students in New Zealand and tests the hypothesis that Motivational CQ predicts better psychological and sociocultural outcomes over time. One hundred and four students completed measures of CQ during a pre-term orientation program and assessments of adaptation problems approximately three months later. In line with the hypothesis, bi-variate correlations indicated that Motivational CQ was related to fewer psychological symptoms (r = −.30, p < .01) and sociocultural adaptation problems (r = −.27, p < .01). However, hierarchical regression analysis, controlling for age, gender, length of residence abroad and region of origin, revealed that while Motivational CQ was a significant (negative) predictor (ß = −.36, p < .01) of psychological symptoms, the overall amount of variance explained (14.6%) in the model was not significant. In contrast, region of origin (ß = .37, p < .01) was the only significant predictor of sociocultural adaptation problems with international students from Western countries reporting fewer difficulties than those from other regions. The results are discussed in relation to contemporary theories of motivation along with recommendations for future research.     

The role of impulses in shaping decisions

This paper explores the extent to which decision behavior is shaped by short‐lived reactions to the outcome of the most recent decision. We inspected repeated decision‐making behavior in two versions of each of two decision‐making tasks, an individual task and a strategic one. By regressing behavior onto the outcomes of recent decisions, we found that the upcoming decision was well predicted by the most recent outcome alone, with the tendency to repeat a previous action being affected both by its actual outcome and by the outcomes of actions not taken. Because the goodness of predictions based on the most recent outcome did not diminish as participants gained experience with the task, we conclude that repeated decisions are continuously affected by impulsive reactions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自谦的研究综述

对自谦的思考由来已久,但是,直到二十一世纪初,人们才试图借助科学手段对自谦进行系统的研究。在心理学界,自谦仍是一个新的研究领域。自谦涉及谦礼、谦敬、谦卑、谦忍,与谦虚、谦逊密切相关。文章通过文献资料的搜集,从自谦的界定、自谦的测量、自谦的相关因素、自谦的研究取向等四个方面进行了综述。     

Conceptions of Creativity and Relations with Judges' Intelligence and Personality

The aim of this study is to describe naïve conceptions of creativity and offer some explanation for their variability. Two methods are used to analyze conceptions of creativity. The first one consists of analyzing adjectives that are associated by naïve judges with the notion of creativity of an advertisement. The second one consists of predicting the evaluation of creative level of advertisements by naïve judges, through the assessment of dimensions such as the originality of these advertisements or the quality of their design. Results show that with both methods, originality is always the most characteristic dimension of creativity. Moreover, the results show that the variability of the importance given to the dimensions of creativity is linked to certain characteristics of judges. In particular, factor g is positively related to the weight given to originality in creativity. A personality trait, preference for novelty, is also positively associated with greater weight for originality in creativity judgments.