口语句子产生中词汇选择的计划单元：来自大中小学生的比较研究

采用图-词干扰范式,要求被试口语产生包含三个名词的句子,通过检验句中不同位置的名词上的语义干扰效应, 探讨大中小学生言语产生中词汇选择的计划单元。结果发现,大学生和初中生都只在第一个名词上发现了言语产生潜伏期的语义干扰效应,表明其词汇选择的计划单元只限于第一个名词,支持了严格递进假设;小学生在三个名词上都没有发现潜伏期的语义干扰效应,表明小学生没有稳定地选择好第一个名词即开始发音。由此可见,词汇选择的计划单元大小是可变的,存在年龄上的个体差异,主要表现在小学生和初中生之间。     

人际冲突中失望的个人效应及冲突类型的调节作用

通过两个计算机情景模拟实验, 分别采用“保证游戏”与“最后通牒博弈”范式, 考察了人际冲突中失望的个体对于威胁评价与冲突行为的影响。在此基础上进一步探讨了冲突类型对人际冲突中失望个人效应的调节作用。结果发现：(1)失望个体相比无情绪个体的威胁评价更高, 冲突行为更多。(2)冲突类型影响处于失望状态的个体的威胁评价, 即价值观冲突中失望个体的威胁评价要高于利益冲突中失望个体的威胁评价; 但是冲突类型并不影响失望个体的冲突行为。     

家庭收入与青少年社会适应：家庭社会资本的中介作用

为了探讨家庭社会资本在家庭收入对青少年社会适应影响中的中介作用,选取了418名农村小学3-6年小学生作为被试,采用家庭经济压力问卷、同伴提名法、学习成绩、孤独感问卷和家庭社会资本问卷进行研究。结果表明：（1）家庭经济压力与学业成就、同伴接纳存在显著的负相关,与孤独感存在显著正相关;（2）家庭经济压力通过家庭社会资本的完全中介作用影响学业成就（中介效应值为–0.14）;（3）家庭经济压力通过家庭社会资本的完全中介作用影响孤独感（中介效应值为0.03）;（4）家庭经济压力通过家庭社会资本的完全中介作用影响同伴接纳（中介效应值为–0.07）。研究得出,家庭收入完全通过家庭社会资本来影响青少年的社会适应。     

Adaptation, evolution, and religion

Neo-Darwinian theories of religion include both nonadaptationist and adaptationist versions. Nonadaptationist versions contend that the mental architecture of the brain is wired for religious thinking but that religious concepts have piggybacked on other cognitive adaptations, especially those for agency detection. Religious concepts are not evolved biological adaptations but rather by-products of more general cognitive structures that are adaptations. Adaptationist versions concentrate on the benefits provided by religion, such as increased social cohesion and the individual benefits that stem from it, such as better physical and mental health and greater longevity. After clarifying the meaning of the terms “adaptation” and “adaptationism,” this article presents four lines of evidence in favor of the adaptationist position: (1) in the ancestral environment the role of the shaman was nearly universal and was primarily devoted to the crucial human goals of curing illness and protecting and finding vital resources; (2) religion generally has positive effects on both physical and mental health; (3) religions tend to be pro-natalist and more religious people tend to leave more offspring than less religious or nonreligious people; (4) the major world religions that evolved in the first millennium BCE during a period of major social chaos and disruption emphasized an omnipotent, transcendent God of love and mercy who offered salvation in a heavenly afterlife and released individuals from earthly suffering. None of these facts demonstrate conclusively that cognitive modules specifically oriented to supernatural agents evolved by natural selection, but they are highly suggestive and make a good inferential case.     

个体差异下的错误记忆研究综述

文章着重从单词和事件两方面对错误记忆的个体差异的研究进行了论述。个体差异如认知方式、人格特征、临床以及暗示、催眠、想像等是诱发错误记忆的重要因素。文章对此进行了比较,认为两种不同的错误记忆可能具有不同的认知加工机制,他们都在一定程度上揭示了错误记忆的本质和特征,并为人们更深入的研究提供了依据。     

Long‐term immigrant adaptation: Eight‐year follow‐up study among immigrants from Russia and Estonia living in Finland

This study was a longitudinal investigation of the three different dimensions of long‐term immigrant adaptation (i.e., psychological, sociocultural, and socioeconomic adaptation) and the relationships between them in an 8‐year follow‐up with panel data. The 282 respondents were immigrants in Finland, born between 1961 and 1976, coming from the former Soviet Union. The results suggest that the adaptation of these immigrants has developed favourably. In 8 years, the respondents had improved their Finnish language skills and their position in the labour market. No differences were observed in their levels of psychological well‐being between the two assessments. Of the three adaptation dimensions assessed, sociocultural adaptation, measured as proficiency in understanding, speaking, reading, and writing Finnish, turned out to be the most significant predictor of the two other long‐term outcomes of immigrant adaptation (i.e., socioeconomic and psychological). In particular, the better the initial command of the Finnish language, the better were their socioeconomic and psychological adaptation outcomes after 8 years of residence. These results demonstrate the importance of parallel and longitudinal assessments of the different outcomes of immigrant adaptation in order to address which particular dimensions of adaptation are most critical in the beginning of acculturation in terms of determining positive development and long‐term immigrant adaptation.     

一个参与者眼中的行为遗传学史上的里程碑

行为遗传学的历史,从横切面看,就好似一个由心理学、遗传学、生物学、进化论、人类学、人口学、生物统计、社会学以及法哲学等学科组合成的万花筒。任何一对学科的演进都呈正相关。虽然任何一对学科都不至于相互否定,但是,他们各自独特的历史和人物,又使得每一对学科并不完全相似     

Proximity and distance goals in adult attachment

We used a variant of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and explicit reports to examine the assumption that attachment anxiety and avoidance are related to proximity and distance goals. Results confirmed that attachment avoidance was associated with a stronger implicit motivation for and positive evaluation of distance goals in attachment relationships. This was found both at the implicit and explicit levels and both in a threat and non‐threat context. Attachment anxiety was associated with proximity goals only when measured explicitly, but not when goal activation was measured implicitly. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both implicit and explicit goal representations when studying motivational processes in the context of attachment, and suggest that the IAT can provide a useful tool for investigating implicit motivational constructs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of the Yazıköy‐epicentre Burdur earthquake (12 May 1971) on the residents of the village

The majority of the population in Turkey lives with the risk of earthquakes. The public is affected deeply by earthquakes socially, economically and psychologically. This study aims to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of the survivors of the 1971 Burdur earthquake and its sociocultural effects. A total of 76 individuals took part in the study. The data for the research were collected through participant interviews with the use of the semi‐structured interview form. Findings indicate that the participants are not sufficiently knowledgeable about earthquakes, that their knowledge is not based on scientific grounds, that their attitudes towards earthquakes reflect fatalistic and local cultural elements, and that their socio‐economic status plays an important role in their perspectives on earthquakes. The findings of this study are thought to form a basis for researchers for future study.     

创伤性截肢的适应证与手术原则探讨

截肢是肢体严重损伤时的一个重要治疗方法,在决定截肢与肢体挽救时受到多方面因素的影响,但在相当程度取决于原发损伤的严重性。目前还没有一个明确的截肢适应证标准,需要一个客观的对肢体估价的方法以明确是否行截肢术,损毁肢体严重程度评分MESS（mangled extremity security score）有较大的临床指导意义。截肢虽是一种破坏性手术,也是一种重建与修复手术,同样遵守矫形外科手术的基本原则。当肢体损伤必须截肢时,要认真周密地设计、仔细地组织处理,在满足治疗的前提下,合理保存肢体长度,最大限度地保留患肢功能,获得较为理想的残肢,以使装配的假肢发挥最佳的功能。严格创伤截肢的标准,掌握截肢的手术原则,了解假肢的安装要求,与患者及家属的积极沟通,进行必要的会诊,是截肢手术医生必须要做到的。