Reductive and Emergent Views on Motor Learning in Rehabilitation Practice

To allow different views on motor learning to inform rehabilitation research, the authors aimed to explicate a frequently missed yet fundamental difference in starting point of such views. By considering how rehabilitation in practice answers the question of what parts an activity consists of, reductive and emergent approaches to motor learning are identified and traced throughout rehabilitation practice. The authors show that when a task is cut up along reductive dimensions while also apparently relying on emergent components, this unequally favors the reductive approach and acts to limit the views on motor learning available. By showing the approaches in practice, the authors hope to inspire an awareness that brings both approaches the opportunity to independently inform research so that new theories and practices can proliferate.     

HUMAN RESPONDING ON RANDOM‐INTERVAL SCHEDULES OF RESPONSE‐COST PUNISHMENT: THE ROLE OF REDUCED REINFORCEMENT DENSITY

An experiment with adult humans investigated the effects of response‐contingent money loss (response‐cost punishment) on monetary‐reinforced responding. A yoked‐control procedure was used to separate the effects on responding of the response‐cost contingency from the effects of reduced reinforcement density. Eight adults pressed buttons for money on a three‐component multiple reinforcement schedule. During baseline, responding in all components produced money gains according to a random‐interval 20‐s schedule. During punishment conditions, responding during the punishment component conjointly produced money losses according to a random‐interval schedule. The value of the response‐cost schedule was manipulated across conditions to systematically evaluate the effects on responding of response‐cost frequency. Participants were assigned to one of two yoked‐control conditions. For participants in the Yoked Punishment group, during punishment conditions money losses were delivered in the yoked component response independently at the same intervals that money losses were produced in the punishment component. For participants in the Yoked Reinforcement group, responding in the yoked component produced the same net earnings as produced in the punishment component. In 6 of 8 participants, contingent response cost selectively decreased response rates in the punishment component and the magnitude of the decrease was directly related to the punishment schedule value. Under punishment conditions, for participants in the Yoked Punishment group response rates in the yoked component also decreased, but the decrease was less than that observed in the punishment component, whereas for participants in the Yoked Reinforcement group response rates in the yoked component remained similar to rates in the no‐punishment component. These results provide further evidence that contingent response cost functions similarly to noxious punishers in that it appears to suppress responding apart from its effects on reinforcement density.     

The effects of variable-time delivery of food items and praise on problem behavior reinforced by escape

Prior research indicates that reinforcement of an appropriate response (e.g., compliance) can produce concomitant reductions in problem behavior reinforced by escape when problem behavior continues to produce negative reinforcement (e.g., Lalli et al., 1999). These effects may be due to a preference for positive over negative reinforcement or to positive reinforcement acting as an abolishing operation, rendering demands less aversive and escape from demands less effective as negative reinforcement. In the current investigation, we delivered a preferred food item and praise on a variable-time 15-s schedule while providing escape for problem behavior on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule in a demand condition for 3 participants with problem behavior maintained by negative reinforcement. Results for all 3 participants showed that variable-time delivery of preferred edible items reduced problem behavior even though escape continued to be available for these responses. These findings are discussed in the context of motivating operations.     

不同形式的阅读干预在儿童读写能力发展中的作用

以419名低年级小学生为研究对象,通过为期一年的教学干预研究,探讨了独立阅读和分享阅读对儿童阅读和写作能力的影响。结果发现：（1）分享阅读和独立阅读均可提高学生的阅读能力,阅读量是影响阅读能力发展的重要因素;（2）独立阅读是提高写作能力的最有效方式。     

教学控制策略对小学儿童多媒体情境下英语学习效果的影响

该研究以103名二年级小学生为被试,运用教育实验方法探讨了在多媒体情境下,不同认知风格、英语水平的儿童在不同教学控制策略下的英语学习效果。结果发现:(1)英语水平较低的学生,无论其认知风格是场独立性还是场依存性,都是在教师控制策略下的学习效果好于教师指导下的学生控制策略;(2)英语水平较高且认知风格为场依存性的学生,在教师指导的学生控制策略下的学习效果显著好于在教师控制策略下的学习效果,而认知风格为场独立性的学生在两种策略下的学习效果没有显著差异。     

Transitioning from congregate care: Preparation and outcomes

Of particular concern to child welfare professionals working with youth in foster care is the quality of services rendered to youth in foster care who are imminently making the transition to adulthood and independence, i.e., those at risk for aging out of foster care, many of whom live in congregate care facilities. This qualitative study focuses on the experiences of youth in congregate care in New York City's foster care system, the effectiveness of efforts to prepare youth for life after foster care, and post-discharge outcomes for youth, particularly when discharged to independent living. The study included interviews with professionals as well as young adults who had exited foster care after placements in congregate care settings. Results indicated that professionals and young adults were concerned about the quality of independent living preparation, viewed housing as a serious issue for youth exiting foster care, attributed youth's lack of employment to poor pre-discharge educational and work preparation services, and emphasized the importance of personal connections after youth leave care.     

观察因果学习和自主探索对学前儿童因果推理的影响

本研究采取单因素完全随机实验设计,以94名学前末期儿童(66-74月龄)为被试,在控制证据顺序的条件下探究观察因果学习结果和自主探索结果对儿童因果推理的影响,结果发现:(1)在只获得观察学习结果或自主探索结果一种证据条件下,绝大多数儿童依据所获证据推断因果关系;(2)在获得观察学习结果和自主探索结果两种证据条件下,儿童能综合两类证据推断因果关系,其中自主探索结果对儿童因果推理的影响力大于观察学习结果。     

活体肝移植供者心理社会方面问题的研究进展

活体肝移植供者心理社会方面问题的主要研究进展为：多数供者与受者之间有血缘关系,或者有亲密的情感联系;供者有利他主义动机;供者术后有短期健康相关生存质量下降,但术后1年之内可恢复正常。     

脑卒中的康复治疗

讨论和研究了遵循生物-心理-社会医学模式,从生物功能、心理功能、社会功能三个纬度综述脑卒中的康复治疗理论.一个以躯体生物功能损害为突出表现的脑卒中患者,要综合考虑他的受损的躯体功能、心理状态和社会功能,三者不宜偏废.