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761.
Marie G. Rudden Stuart Twemlow Steven Ackerman 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2008,89(5):993-1010
Various perspectives on leadership within the psychoanalytic, organizational and socio‐biological literature are reviewed, with particular attention to research studies in these areas. Hypotheses are offered about what makes an effective leader: her ability to structure tasks well in order to avoid destructive regressions, to make constructive use of the omnipresent regressive energies in group life, and to redirect regressions when they occur. Systematic qualitative observations of three videotaped sessions each from N = 18 medical staff work groups at an urban medical center are discussed, as is the utility of a scale, the Leadership and Group Regressions Scale (LGRS), that attempts to operationalize the hypotheses. Analyzing the tapes qualitatively, it was noteworthy that at times (in N = 6 groups), the nominal leader of the group did not prove to be the actual, working leader. Quantitatively, a significant correlation was seen between leaders’ LGRS scores and the group’s satisfactory completion of their quantitative goals (p = 0.007) and ability to sustain the goals (p = 0.04), when the score of the person who met criteria for group leadership was used. 相似文献
762.
Eva Jonas Eva Traut-Mattausch Dieter Frey Jeff Greenberg 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):1180-1186
Research on the phenomenon of selective exposure to information demonstrates that after preliminary or final decisions, people show a preference for supporting rather than conflicting information (confirmation bias). In this article, we examine conditions that increase or decrease distortions in the search for information. We report on four experiments indicating that the confirmation bias is influenced by whether people focus on their decision or on the presented pieces of information during the information search. Focusing on the decision, for example, because a reward for a correct decision is promised or simply because participants repeatedly think of it, increases the confirmation bias. On the other hand, if participants focus on the available pieces of information because they have to invest money in order to search for information or because they have to evaluate the individual pieces of information, the confirmation bias decreases. Implications for theoretical understanding and interventions for decision-making situations are discussed. 相似文献
763.
Jamie L. Goldenberg Jamie Arndt Clay Routledge 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(2):260-274
The present research applies an analysis derived from terror management theory to the health domain of breast examination, and in doing so uncovers previously unrecognized factors that may contribute to women’s reluctance to perform breast self-examinations (BSEs). In Study 1, when concerns about mortality were primed, reminders of human beings’ physical nature (i.e., creatureliness) reduced intentions to conduct BSEs compared to reminders of humans’ uniqueness. In Study 2, women conducted shorter exams on a breast model (an experience found to increase death-thought accessibility) when creatureliness was primed compared to a uniqueness and no essay condition. In Study 3, after a creatureliness prime, women performed shorter BSEs when a placebo did not provide an alternative explanation for their discomfort compared to when it did. Advances for theory and breast self-exam promotion are discussed. 相似文献
764.
Joseph Hayes Jeff Schimel Erik H. Faucher Todd J. Williams 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(3):600-613
Three studies assessed the impact of self-esteem threat on death-thought accessibility (DTA). Increased DTA resulted from three distinct types of self-esteem threat. Studies 1 and 2 employed negative feedback procedures in which participants were told that they scored below average on an intelligence test (Study 1), or that their personality was incongruent for their desired career path (Study 2). In Study 3, participants were led to believe that they would give an ill prepared speech in front of their peers. In Studies 1 and 2 DTA was assessed via reaction times on a lexical decision task, while Study 3 employed a word-fragment completion task. Study 3 demonstrated the DTA buffering effect of fortifying self-esteem via self-affirmation. Discussion focused on general implications for TMT, self-esteem, and mental health. 相似文献
765.
Three experiments demonstrated that the use and effectiveness of self-presentation strategies are affected by time. In Experiment 1, participants used more indirect self-presentation statements for the distant than near future, but used more direct self-presentation statements for the near than distant future. In Experiment 2, participants for whom indirect self-presentation strategies were made accessible rated a future interview as more temporally distant than those for whom direct self-presentation strategies were made accessible. In Experiment 3, participants rated their self-presentation attempts as more effective if they used direct strategies for the near future and indirect strategies for the distant future. Implications for studying the timing of self-presentation and its relation to temporal construal levels are discussed. 相似文献
766.
Kamel Jedidi 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2008,52(4):241-249
A lexicographic rule orders multi-attribute alternatives in the same way as a dictionary orders words. Although no utility function can represent lexicographic preference over continuous, real-valued attributes, a constrained linear model suffices for representing such preferences over discrete attributes. We present an algorithm for inferring lexicographic structures from choice data. The primary difficulty in using such data is that it is seldom possible to obtain sufficient information to estimate individual-level preference functions. Instead, one needs to pool the data across latent clusters of individuals. We propose a method that identifies latent clusters of subjects, and estimates a lexicographic rule for each cluster. We describe an application of the method using data collected by a manufacturer of television sets. We compare the predictions of the model with those obtained from a finite-mixture, multinomial-logit model. 相似文献
767.
Jiří Hanika 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2008,37(2):121-140
We investigate the interactions of formula complexity in weak set theories with the axioms available there. In particular,
we show that swapping bounded and unbounded quantification preserves formula complexity in presence of the axiom of foundation
weakened to an arbitrary set base, while it does not if the axiom of foundation is further weakened to a proper class base.
More attention is being paid to the necessary axioms employed in the positive results, than to the combinatorial strength
of the positive results themselves. 相似文献
768.
Karen L. Kuchan 《Journal of religion and health》2008,47(2):276-275
This article underscores the potential benefit of a specific form of Christian prayer that creates space within a spiritual
direction relationship for the creation of inner images that reveal a person’s unconscious relational longings and co-created
representations of God. In this specific type of prayer that can be facilitated by mental health professionals and pastoral
counselors, imagery of God’s presence is created in the space between a Christian spiritual director and a Christian directee
while they are open to inner experiences that reveal God’s presence interacting with infantile processes toward aliveness.
Aliveness is understood using Winnicottian notions in dialog with theories proposed by Allan N. Schore, affective neuropsychologist
and Clinical Faculty at UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Ann Belford Ulanov, Jungian Analyst and Professor of Psychiatry
and Religion at Union Theological Seminary and W.R.D., British psychoanalyst in the Objects Relations School. Ideas of transitional
space, good enough mother, holding environment, aggression, creativity, and play are set alongside theories of affect regulation,
the developing brain, co-created objective God images, the relational nature of God and being received as good while illuminating
three prayer experiences during one 30-year-old Asian American woman’s 16-month therapeutic process toward aliveness.
相似文献
Karen L. KuchanEmail: |
769.
Curtis W. Hart 《Journal of religion and health》2008,47(1):118-128
J. Robert Oppenheimer was among the most important and enigmatic figures in 20th century science. He is best known for successfully
directing the Manhattan Project that produced the first atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan at the end of World War II.
Subsequently, he became a scientist and statesman who advised the United States government in the areas of atomic weapons
development and public policy. He later became subject to an investigation in 1954 into his previous political affiliations
and his personal behavior that ended in the revoking of his security clearance. This essay seeks to chronicle Oppenheimer’s
coming of age as a public intellectual with a view toward his own psychological history and most especially in relationship
to the stages of faith development articulated by James Fowler and colleagues. Moreover, though not conventionally religious,
Oppenheimer’s life and thought were permeated with themes and ideas of a religious and ethical nature that shaped his adult
character and informed his view of the world. This essay was originally presented at The Richardson History of Psychiatry
Research Seminar at Weill Cornell Medical College. 相似文献
770.
Lynn Somerstein 《Journal of religion and health》2008,47(2):277-283
This study of malevolent narcissism examines the relationship between the Washington Snipers, Muhammad and Malvo, from the
perspectives of attachment theory and Kleinian theory. Muhammad embodied a perverted understanding of manliness. Malvo was
desperate for the love of a father, and fused with the omnipotent destructiveness of John Muhammad. Together they embarked
on a failed Quest, recreating the original infant/caregiver scenario, which in their experience was about destruction and
death, rather than gratitude and life. Malvo and Muhammad were perfect together, merged into one unit devoted to murder. Their
victims were random and multiple, like their early caregivers. 相似文献