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901.
该研究选取30名被试,采用任务分离实验研究范式探讨不同表面特征图片对内隐记忆和外显记忆的影响。以32张动物图片为实验材料,其中鱼类和鸟类图片各半。两类图片中一半为黑白图片,另一半为彩色图片,所有实验材料用E—Prime软件呈现在电脑上。结果表明:(1)不同表面特征图片的再认成绩(外显记忆)显著好于偏好再认成绩(内隐记忆),即外显记忆成绩好于内隐记忆;(2)在再认测验和偏好判断测验中,再认成绩和偏好再认成绩在图片表面特征的两个水平上存在显著差异;(3)控制组的偏好再认成绩显著好于实验组的偏好再认成绩,即控制组的内隐记忆好于实验组。结论:刺激材料的表面特征既是外显记忆的内容,也是影响外显记忆的重要因素;内隐记忆的作业成绩高度依赖于刺激材料的表面特征,刺激材料的表面特征是影响两种记忆的重要因素。 相似文献
902.
Leslie J. Francis Sergej Flere Rudi Klanjšek Emyr Williams Mandy Robbins 《Mental health, religion & culture》2013,16(9):953-963
This study examines two conflicting hypotheses regarding the association between traditional religiosity and new age belief: the “worldview hypothesis” suggesting a positive association between these two sets of beliefs; and the “functional alternative hypothesis” suggesting a negative association between these two sets of beliefs. A sample of 1209 undergraduate students attending the University of Maribor, Slovenia, completed the Francis Scale of Attitude towards Christianity as a measure of traditional religiosity and the Lavri? Scale of New Age Belief, alongside a measure of frequency of church attendance. The data demonstrated a positive correlation between attitude towards Christianity and new age belief, even after taking into account different levels of church attendance. These findings support the worldview hypotheses in favour of the functional alternative hypothesis. 相似文献
903.
Within the field of the psychology of prayer, there has been a growing interest in empirical studies concerned with the analysis of the content of ordinary people's private prayers, with a view to providing a more nuanced understanding of the psychological correlates of prayer among those who engage in the activity. One research tradition has focused on the content analysis of intercessory prayer requests left in church-related settings, and it is within this context that the present study is located, examining 417 intercessory prayer requests, collected on the streets by bishops in the Church of England as part of the 2011 “Say One for Me” Lent Prayer initiative. The study was informed by the constructs of implicit religion and ordinary theology, and employed ap Siôn's general analytical framework for intercessory prayer requests. Three types of implicit religion were found to be present in the prayer content: societal consensus, the source of explicit religion, and the effect of explicit religion, and the significance of these results is discussed. 相似文献
904.
Rolf Verleger Michael Rose Ullrich Wagner Juliana Yordanova Vasil Kolev 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(4):160-172
In recent years, vibrant research has developed on “consolidation” during sleep:
To what extent are newly experienced impressions reprocessed or even
restructured during sleep? We used the number reduction task (NRT) to study if
and how sleep does not only reiterate new experiences but may even lead to new
insights. In the NRT, covert regularities may speed responses. This implicit
acquisition of regularities may become explicitly conscious at some point,
leading to a qualitative change in behavior which reflects this insight. By
applying the NRT at two consecutive sessions separated by an interval, we
investigated the role of sleep in this interval for attaining insight at the
second session. In the first study, a night of sleep was shown to triple the
number of participants attaining insight above the base rate of about 20%. In
the second study, this hard core of 20% discoverers differed from other
participants in their task-related EEG potentials from the very beginning
already. In the third study, the additional role of sleep was specified as an
effect of the deep-sleep phase of slow-wave sleep on participants who had
implicitly acquired the covert regularity before sleep. It was in these
participants that a specific increase of EEG during slow-wave sleep in the 10-12
Hz band was obtained. These results support the view that neuronal memory
reprocessing during slow-wave sleep restructures task-related representations in
the brain, and that such restructuring promotes the gain of explicit
knowledge. 相似文献
905.
在疼痛领域,基础研究传统上主要关注疼痛的感觉维度和诱发痛的机制,对疼痛的情绪维度和临床上更常见的自发痛研究较少,这造成了基础研究和临床应用的脱节.条件位置范式的诞生在一定程度上解决了这一问题.条件位置范式是研究药物奖赏和成瘾的经典范式.近10年来,它开始被应用到疼痛研究领域.本文系统总结了目前条件位置范式在疼痛领域的研究进展,主要包括应用条件位置厌恶范式研究疼痛情绪、应用条件位置偏爱范式探索自发痛机制以及进行镇痛药物筛选.最后,结合已有的研究,提出了未来条件位置范式在疼痛领域的应用方向. 相似文献
906.
Giulio E. Lancioni Mark F. O'Reilly Francesca Campodonico Silvia Serenelli 《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2013,42(1):43-47
Anticipatory cues (vibratory stimulation activated through remote control) were used in this study to help an adolescent with multiple disabilities to reduce his dependence on the caregiver's physical prompts. The results show that anticipatory cues were effective in helping the adolescent perform practical daily responses independently of physical prompts. Towards the end of the study, the adolescent could also perform increasingly independently of the anticipatory cues. Implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
907.
《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2013,42(2):128-141
Despite strong support for the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD), little is known about mechanisms of change in treatment. Within the context of a randomized controlled trial of CBT, this study examined patients' beliefs about the fixed versus malleable nature of anxiety—their ‘implicit theories’—as a key variable in CBT for SAD. Compared to waitlist (n = 29; 58% female), CBT (n = 24; 52% female) led to significantly lower levels of fixed beliefs about anxiety (Mbaseline = 11.70 vs. MPost = 7.08, d = 1.27). These implicit beliefs indirectly explained CBT-related changes in social anxiety symptoms (κ2 = .28, [95% CI = 0.12, 0.46]). Implicit beliefs also uniquely predicted treatment outcomes when controlling for baseline social anxiety and other kinds of maladaptive beliefs (perceived social costs, perceived social self-efficacy, and maladaptive interpersonal beliefs). Finally, implicit beliefs continued to predict social anxiety symptoms at 12 months post-treatment. These findings suggest that changes in patients' beliefs about their emotions may play an important role in CBT for SAD. 相似文献
908.
《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2013,10(5):578-602
Birdsong and human speech share some genetic origins (Haesler, Rochefort, Georgi, Licznerski, Osten, & Scharff, 2007; Vargha-Khadem, Gadian, Copp, & Mishkin, 2005). In two studies (N = 67 infants and N = 28 adults) in Scotland (UK) and Saxony (Germany), perceptual discrimination of innate, repetitive, lower frequency sea-bird sounds vs. learned, melodic, higher frequency garden-bird songs was tested in infants in their first year as well as in adults, using the conditioned head-turn procedure (CHTP; e.g., Jusczyk, Friederici, Wessels, Svernkerud, & Jusczyk, 1993). Infants and adults reliably distinguished between the two types of sounds. Independently of environment, infants paid more attention to sea-bird sounds than to garden-bird songs, while adults showed the reverse preference. Further analysis revealed additional insights into the underlying processes. 相似文献
909.
《The journal of positive psychology》2013,8(1):36-44
Development of humanitarian moral identity may correspond with the growing self-importance of moral traits. This study considered the extent to which moral traits become explicit in novice and expert humanitarian moral identity narratives. Eighty humanitarian caregivers from L’Arche communities were given self-understanding interview prompts to assess temporal (i.e., past, present, and future) and relational expectations. Humanitarian responses were compared to four paragraphs comprised of moral traits (i.e., just, brave, caring, and religious) using a computational knowledge representation model known as latent semantic analysis (Landauer, T., McNamara, D., Dennis, S., & Kintsch, W. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of latent semantic analysis (University of Colorado Institute of Cognitive Science). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum). Consistent with predictions, humanitarian experts displayed more explicitly self-important moral traits than novices on future and romantic partner expectations. Findings suggest that humanitarian development is associated with simulation related to future goal achievement and moral action modeled by close intimates. 相似文献
910.
《Journal of Global Ethics》2013,9(3):311-327
I argue that postcolonial feminist critiques draw our attention to four phenomena that are easily confused with what I call ‘paradigmatic adaptive preference’ – and that the ability to distinguish these phenomena can improve the quality of development interventions. An individual has paradigmatic adaptive preferences (APs) if she perpetuates injustice against herself because her normative worldview is nearly completely distorted. The four look-alike phenomena postcolonial feminist critics help us identify are (a) APs caused by selective value distortion (SAPs), (b) APs caused by forced tradeoffs (TAPs), (c) APs caused by misperceptions of the facts (MAPs), and (d) wellbeing-compatible preferences that are misunderstood because of a lack of cultural or contextual knowledge. The first three, I argue, are non-paradigmatic forms of AP that have gone previously unrecognized and that we need to expand our conceptual vocabulary to describe; the last is not a form of AP at all. Development practitioners can grapple more seriously with the real-world complexities of moral psychology and cross-cultural moral judgments if they are capable of distinguishing paradigmatic AP from the look-alike phenomena. 相似文献