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851.
852.
The role of explicit and implicit acquisition of grammatical rules in second language learning was examined by assessing high
school students performance after several years of study on the correct use of the Spanish verbs ser and estar. These two verbs are essentially equivalent in use to the English verb “to be,” but there is a complex set of statements
that specifies when each is to be used. A 100-item two-choice test in which students from several different high schools receiving
instruction in the explicit principles of these two Spanish verbs or receiving immersion training in which no instruction
in their grammatical principles was given were examined for the following five factors: (a) general achievement level, (b)
comparison of grade level achievement, (c) time allotted to complete the 100-item test, (d) grammatical instruction prior
to taking the 100-item test, and (e) comparison of instructional methodology. The results indicated that students receiving
explicit instruction in the rules of ser and estar beyond the first year of study achieved slightly higher scores, but that the level of achievement was considered to be poor.
Differences between groups for the remaining factors were not significant. It was concluded that successful application of
explicitly learned grammatical rules, such as the rules for ser and estar, may not be achievable in the time frame of a two-year high school foreign language course. Considerations regarding implicit
and explicit acquisition of grammatical rules in second language learning were presented. 相似文献
853.
Bernhard Fink Nick Neave Gayle Brewer Boguslaw Pawlowski 《Personality and individual differences》2007,43(8):2249-2257
In contemporary Western populations, some physical characteristics are sexually dimorphic, and it is known that these traits also affect human mate preferences. Height is one such characteristic, and evidence suggests that females prefer taller over shorter males, indeed, taller males have been found to have greater reproductive success. However, relative height is also important with ‘Sexual Dimorphism in Stature’ (SDS) calculated as male height/female height. Pawlowski (2003) showed that people adjust their preferences for SDS in relation to their own height in order to increase their potential pool of partners. The aim of the present study was to replicate Pawlowski’s study on a larger sample of participants, and to investigate the universality of the reported preference adjustment within European societies. We present data of 1102 men and women from three countries (Germany, Austria, and the UK) that confirm Pawlowski’s original data on a Polish sample. Moreover, the mechanism of an adjustment of SDS preferences in relation to own height was found in all three countries, suggesting that height dependent partner preference is a genuine feature in Western societies. 相似文献
854.
Hanley GP Cammilleri AP Tiger JH Ingvarsson ET 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2007,40(4):603-618
We designed a series of analyses to develop a measurement system capable of simultaneously recording the free-play patterns of 20 children in a preschool classroom. Study 1 determined the intermittency with which the location and engagement of each child could be momentarily observed before the accuracy of the measurement was compromised. Results showed that intervals up to 120 s introduced less than 10% measurement error. Study 2 determined the extent of agreement between two observers who simultaneously collected data for 20 children using 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-s momentary time sampling (MTS) intervals. The three larger intervals resulted in high levels of interobserver agreement (above 90%), whereas the 30-s interval resulted in unacceptably low levels of agreement (less than 80%). By allowing observers to select from among the different MTS intervals via a datasheet array and then collect data with the chosen system, Study 3 determined observers' preferences for the remaining MTS intervals. Both data collectors preferred the 90-s MTS procedure. The sensitivity of the 90-s MTS procedure, which was shown to be accurate, reliable, and preferred, was then demonstrated by its use to describe activity preferences of a classroom of children in Study 4. This system identified high- and low-preference activities for individual children and revealed interesting patterns of response allocation by the group. 相似文献
855.
Solberg KM Hanley GP Layer SA Ingvarsson ET 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2007,40(4):633-644
The effects of reinforcement pairing and fading on preschoolers' snack selections were evaluated in a multiple baseline design. Baseline preferences for snack options were assessed via repeated paired-item preference assessments. Edible, social, and activity-based reinforcers were then exclusively paired with a less preferred snack option. Once the snack paired with reinforcement was selected most frequently, the three types of reinforcement were systematically faded. Frequent selections of the previously less preferred snack option were produced with paired reinforcement, but were disrupted for all children as the paired reinforcement was reduced to low levels. These data showed that paired reinforcement was initially effective in increasing preference for the originally less preferred snack options, but more permanent changes in the value of the snack options were not achieved. Conditions for producing persistent changes in children's snack choices are discussed. 相似文献
856.
Several studies have demonstrated that mammals, birds and fish use comparable spatial learning strategies. Unfortunately, except in insects, few studies have investigated spatial learning mechanisms in invertebrates. Our study aimed to identify the strategies used by cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) to solve a spatial task commonly used with vertebrates. A new spatial learning procedure using a T-maze was designed. In this maze, the cuttlefish learned how to enter a dark and sandy compartment. A preliminary test confirmed that individual cuttlefish showed an untrained side-turning preference (preference for turning right or left) in the T-maze. This preference could be reliably detected in a single probe trial. In the following two experiments, each individual was trained to enter the compartment opposite to its side-turning preference. In Experiment 1, distal visual cues were provided around the maze. In Experiment 2, the T-maze was surrounded by curtains and two proximal visual cues were provided above the apparatus. In both experiments, after acquisition, strategies used by cuttlefish to orient in the T-maze were tested by creating a conflict between the formerly rewarded algorithmic behaviour (turn, response learning) and the visual cues identifying the goal (place learning). Most cuttlefish relied on response learning in Experiment 1; the two strategies were used equally often in Experiment 2. In these experiments, the salience of cues provided during the experiment determined whether cuttlefish used response or place learning to solve this spatial task. Our study demonstrates for the first time the presence of multiple spatial strategies in cuttlefish that appear to closely parallel those described in vertebrates. 相似文献
857.
动机测量方法的探讨经历了初期对TAT及其评分方法的怀疑、争论和认同,到对内隐与外显动机系统的概念区分,又开始转向了对新的测量方法的尝试、验证和发展。早期的内隐动机测量以投射测验的“大三”内隐动机计分为主。多动机网格技术的出现,为同一构念下的内隐动机测量带来了新的活力。工作风格测验另辟蹊径,从行为表现入手,使测量结果更为可靠。内隐联想测验则引入了当前内隐社会认知的最新研究方法,实现了更为高效、便捷、精确的内隐动机测量 相似文献
858.
859.
本研究以三个实验探讨了3~5岁儿童词汇学习的内隐推理过程。实验1首先让被试者看一个熟悉物体的标准图片,分别以熟悉的或者不熟悉的名词命名,然后要求从两个选项中选择一个图片与标准图片匹配。结果表明3~4岁儿童可以不熟悉名词完成词汇扩展作业,但是只有5岁儿童可以熟悉名词完成词汇扩展作业,这表明5岁儿童可能有一个内隐推理加工过程。实验2以不熟悉物体作为标准图片,以熟悉名词与指代词分别作为指导语进一步测试5岁儿童的内隐推理过程,结果表明这个年龄阶段儿童的类概念形成有一种自上而下加工的内隐推理过程。实验3呈现基本概念的图片检验什么因素影响3~5岁儿童词汇学习的内隐推理过程,结果表明在类似性比较条件下与3~4岁儿童相比,5岁儿童更加明显地表现了内隐推理的加工过程。最后以类似性理论讨论了本研究的结果。 相似文献
860.