Experiments on the Automaticity of Political Beliefs and Attitudes

Political science has long relied on explicit responses in order to understand what and how people think. New research in the cognitive sciences suggests that this reliance on conscious considerations provides but a partial picture of how citizens think and reason. Given the limitations of conscious working memory and the growing evidence that much of human cognition occurs outside of awareness, the defining empirical assumption of modern public opinion research—that citizens can tell us what is on their minds—seems increasingly suspect. Moreover, social science is particularly challenged by the sensitivity of their topics, which in turn raises social and personal desirability concerns about self-report data. In order to overcome these limitations, we propose an implicit experimental approach. We contend that implicit measures enable us to measure some of the automatic and affective responses and predispositions that influence thoughts and behaviors outside of conscious awareness.     

Weapon Bias: Split-Second Decisions and Unintended Stereotyping

ABSTRACT— Race stereotypes can lead people to claim to see a weapon where there is none. Split-second decisions magnify the bias by limiting people's ability to control responses. Such a bias could have important consequences for decision making by police officers and other authorities interacting with racial minorities. The bias requires no intentional racial animus, occurring even for those who are actively trying to avoid it. This research thus raises difficult questions about intent and responsibility for racially biased errors.     

大学生内隐竞争心理的实验研究

该研究探讨大学生的内隐竞争倾向,考察内隐竞争与外显测量结果的一致程度并探讨男女学生之间是否存在显著差异。实验1考察了被试对竞争图片与非竞争图片的潜在反应倾向。实验2考察被试对竞争词与非竞争词的潜在反应倾向。结果发现:外显竞争与内隐竞争的表现具有一致性。竞争测量中高分组大学生的内隐竞争倾向明显地高于中低得分组,中分组大学生的内隐竞争倾向也明显地高于低分组。同时,内隐竞争倾向还存在着显著的性别差异,男大学生的内隐竞争倾向比女大学生的内隐竞争倾向强。     

The repressed and implicit knowledge

The distinction between implicit (non-conscious) and explicit (conscious) knowledge made by cognitive scientists is applied to the psychoanalytic idea of repressed contents. The consequences of repression are suggested to have been caused by implicit representations. Repressed memories can also be treated in terms of explicit representations, which are prevented from becoming activated. Implicit knowledge cannot, however, be made conscious, and thus the idea of becoming conscious of the repressed desires and fears that have never been conscious is contradictory. This tension may be relieved by reconceptualising the idea of becoming conscious of the repressed. It is suggested that this could be seen as creating explicit knowledge about the effects of implicit representations. By applying the implicit/explicit knowledge distinction, psychoanalytic ideas concerning the repressed could be connected to current views in the domain of cognitive orientation.     

额叶参与对新异联系的启动效应——来自脑损伤病人的证据

对新异联系的启动效应是内隐记忆的一种形式,又称联想启动。采用知觉辨认任务,探讨额叶损伤与联想启动的关系。25例额叶损伤病人及18例匹配的正常被试参与实验。结果表明,额叶受损病人辨认旧词对与重组词对的正确率没有明显差别;而且,轻度记忆损伤的额叶病人再认成绩正常,但联想启动值低于对照组,内隐记忆和外显数、坚持性反应数和语词流畅性等有中度相关。这些结果提示,额叶不仅与情节记忆、工作记忆等外显记忆有关,也参与了以非相关词对为材料的联想启动。     

内隐时间表征的实验研究

用两个实验五种作业,探讨内隐时间表征存在的可能性及其特点。结果表明：在表征动量中,（1）无论诱导图形内隐运动方向向左还是向右,测试图形与识记图形之间位置偏移的错误率在与诱导图形内隐运动方向一致的条件下比不一致的条件下大;（2）诱导图形内隐运动的一致性时间顺序消失之后,表征动量不存在;（3）在100ms的时间范围内,识记图形、测试图形之间的保持时距与记忆位置偏移呈线性相关;（4）在水平方向和垂直方向上,客体的概念和背景知识对表征动量无影响,研究结果肯定了表征动量中内隐时间表征的存在并具有方向性、顺序性、连续性和认知不可渗透性的特点。     

大学生内隐性倾向的实验研究

我们通过实验的方式研究了大学生的内隐性倾向,实验分两个部分,一是使用配对图片的快速呈现研究其对性信息图片和无性信息图片的选择的差异;二是使用快速呈现和快速选择的方式研究其对有性信息词语和无性信息词语之间的选择差异。实验严格控制了空间误差和时间误差,通过科学设计的控制程序完成。结果发现,这两种情况下,大学生都表现出突出的选择和保存性信息刺激的倾向性,这种倾向不存在性别差异。     

The Implicit Life Satisfaction Measure

The Implicit Association Test, developed by Greenwald and colleagues in 1998, was adapted to measure satisfaction with life by assessing the strength of automatic associations of My life with Good- versus Bad-related words. A series of studies explored some psychometric as well as methodological properties of the Implicit Life Satisfaction measure (ILS). The ILS demonstrated good internal consistency and moderate temporal stability. Studies revealed that: (i) the type of stimuli used for target and attribute categories influences the magnitude of the ILS effect; (ii) participants could voluntarily suppress their satisfaction with life on the ILS, but not enhance it; and (iii) handedness of categories did not affect the participants' performance on the ILS. Overall, the ILS measures are: (i) independent of traditional life satisfaction self-report measures; and (ii) positive for most people.     

三成分心理系统：诠释传递性推理的新理论

Wright在传递性推理的研究中提出三成分心理系统模型以来,该模型理论成为了传递性推理领域研究的热点。三成分心理模型是在经典皮亚杰理论和传统信息加工理论基础上提出来的,代表了人们进行传递性推理时所进行的传递性转换、顺序抽取和协调反应等三个主要的加工机制,在不同的加工机制中运用了不同的加工策略。在此基础上,文章讨论了三成分心理模型理论未来的研究方向。     

内隐学习和无觉察知觉辨析

在无意识研究的热潮中,无觉察知觉、内隐学习相继得到很大发展。这两种认知过程都涉及到无意识加工,相互之间有非常密切的联系。本文介绍了这两种无意识加工过程,并对其联系、区别进行了辨析。