汉字词错觉结合的层次和影响因素

采用数字再认与词汇再认双作业范式,从笔画、部件、整字层次,考察汉字错觉结合的层次和影响因素。结果发现：（1）在汉字词识别中,两个相邻字（词）之间存在笔画、部件或字的互换错误,说明在笔画、部件和字的层次上存在错觉结合。（2）字的错觉结合率最高,其次是部件,笔画最低。（3）汉字词的错觉结合受刺激对的呈现方式、汉字结构和词性影响。     

Spatiotemporal integration and contour interpolation revealed by a dot localization task with serial presentation paradigm

The visual system seems to integrate information that is presented over time in a spatially fragmented fashion, with the result that observers are able to report the whole shape of objects. This research considers relations in space and time that allow the integrated percepts of complete objects. Specifically, temporal characteristics for spatiotemporal integration of illusory contour and spatial characteristics of interpolated contour are examined. A serial presentation paradigm and a dot localization task were used in two experiments; observers localized a probe dot relative to a perceived contour of an illusory object. Each of four inducing figures was briefly presented in a serial order to observers and the total time of the series was manipulated. In Experiment 1 short time ranges varied up to 180 ms, whereas longer times were examined in Experiment 2. Overall, the results demonstrate that a short time allows spatiotemporal integration, and that the perceived location of contour consistently shifts with time range. These experiments suggest that the mechanism of spatiotemporal integration operates on spatial integration as a limiting case.     

视觉特征捆绑的认知机制研究

以大学生为被试,探讨视觉特征捆绑的认知机制。实验采用空间提示范式,要求被试完成字母形状和颜色的辨别任务,考察集中注意和分散注意条件下的IC差异。结果表明,注意在视觉特征捆绑中起重要作用,集中注意能有效地减少IC的出现。同时注意对特征捆绑的调节作用表现出距离效应,即近距离比远距离的IC错误多,提示了注意的作用机制有可能与空间距离信息有关。     

Distortions in reports of health behaviors: The time span effect and illusory supefuority

Abstract

The occurreace of a time span effect and illusory superiority in self reports of health behaviors was tested. It was found that people report proportionally lower frequencies of both healthy and unhealthy behaviors if they give frequency estimations over a longer as compared to a shorter time span (time span effect). In addition, they report lower frequencies of unhealthy behaviors, and higher frequencies of healthy behaviors for themselves than for the average other (illusory superiority). For healthy but not for unhealthy behaviors a stronger illusory superiority effect was obtained in frequency reports for behavioral expectations as compared to past behaviors. Potential explanations and implications for subjective measurements of health behavior are discussed.     

The interpolation of object and surface structure

One of the main theoretical challenges of vision science is to explain how the visual system interpolates missing structure. Two forms of visual completion have been distinguished on the basis of the phenomenological states that they induce. Modal completion refers to the formation of visible surfaces and/or contours in image regions where these properties are not specified locally. Amodal completion refers to the perceived unity of objects that are partially obscured by occluding surfaces. Although these two forms of completion elicit very different phenomenological states, it has been argued that a common mechanism underlies modal and amodal boundary and surface interpolation (the "identity hypothesis"; Kellman & Shipley, 1991; Kellman, 2001). Here, we provide new data, demonstrations, and theoretical principles that challenge this view. We show that modal boundary and surface completion processes exhibit a strong dependence on the prevailing luminance relationships of a scene, whereas amodal completion processes do not. We also demonstrate that the shape of interpolated contours can change when a figure undergoes a transition from a modal to an amodal appearance, in direct contrast to the identity hypothesis. We argue that these and previous results demonstrate that modal and amodal completion do not result from a common interpolation mechanism.     

Infants' perception of illusory contours in static and moving figures

We investigated 3-8-month-olds' (N=62) perception of illusory contours in a Kanizsa figure by using a preferential looking technique. Previous studies suggest that this ability develops around 8 months of age. However, we hypothesized that even 3-4-month-olds could perceive illusory contours in a moving figure. To check our hypothesis, we created an illusory contour figure in which the illusory square underwent lateral movement. By rotating the elements of this figure, we created non-illusory contour figures. We found that: (1) infants preferred moving illusory contours to non-illusory contours by 3-4 months of age, and (2) only 7-8-month-olds preferred static illusory contours. Our findings demonstrate that motion information promotes infants' perception of illusory contours. Our results parallel those reported in the study of partly occluded objects ().     

权力的三种心理机制及其影响

权力指控制有价值资源及他人行为结果的相对能力。心理学研究发现,权力不仅是等级制度的核心概念,一种结构变量、社会关系的基础属性,还是一种心理属性,即知觉到自己有能力影响他人的一种心理状态。这一发现促使研究者愈发关注权力效应背后的心理机制。本文在分别综述了权力效应三种心理机制（趋近系统激活、心理距离增加、诱发控制错觉）的基础上,详细分析总结了各心理机制及其影响与拥有权力的人（以下简称掌权者）的认知、动机、情绪乃至判断、决策、行为间的关系,并尝试阐述了各心理机制及其影响与促进集体利益繁荣这一权力产生初衷之间的关系。最后,根据研究现状,就权力各心理机制间的关系、心理机制如何运作、文化与心理机制间的关系等问题进行了讨论。     

The Positive Illusory Bias: Do Inflated Self-Perceptions in Children with ADHD Generalize to Perceptions of Others?

This study examined whether children with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) demonstrate positive illusory perceptions of their own competence and others' competence. Participants (67 children with ADHD symptoms; 40 non-ADHD children) completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children and rated actors' competence in videos clips where inconsistent cues of performance had to be integrated in order to determine the actor's competence. Teachers completed the Teacher Rating Scale of Child's Actual Behavior. Children with ADHD symptoms overestimated their own competence relative to teachers' estimates in all domains significantly more than non-ADHD children. There were no significant group differences in perceptions of others' competence. Findings suggest that positive illusions are exclusive to perceptions of self and do not extend to perceptions of others.     

内源性眼跳前的空间注意转移

采用线运动错觉(illusory line motion)测量的单任务范式,以色块为眼跳提示刺激,用三个实验对内源性眼跳前是否存在空间注意转移进行了探讨。实验一要求被试将眼睛跳往提示刺激处,通过对线运动错觉的分析确定该条件下的空间注意转移规律;实验二要求被试在将视线保持在注视点处的条件下判断目标色块是否出现,以探明线运动错觉是否受对目标色块前注意阶段加工的影响;实验三要求被试将眼睛跳往提示刺激的对侧,分析眼跳位置与提示刺激空间方位的一致性对空间注意转移的影响。获得以下主要结果：(1)内源性眼跳前存在注意转移;(2)在视线保持在注视点处的条件下,注意未受对提示刺激前注意加工的引导;(3)眼跳目标位置与提示目标位置的空间一致性对眼跳前空间注意转移无显著影响。     

注意在视觉特征捆绑中的作用

通过两项视觉特征捆绑实验,探讨注意的作用及机制。实验1采用双任务范式,考察不同注意分散水平下的错觉性结合(IC)差异。实验2采用空间提示范式,考察集中注意和分散注意条件下的IC差异。两个实验结果都表明,注意在视觉特征捆绑中起重要作用,集中注意能有效地减少IC的出现。同时,注意对特征捆绑的调节作用表现出距离效应,即近距离比远距离的IC错误多,提示注意的作用机制可能与空间距离信息有关。