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131.
132.
Ideal free distribution theory predicts that foragers will form groups proportional in number to the resources available in alternative resource sites or patches, a phenomenon termed habitat matching. Three experiments tested this prediction with college students in discrete-trial simulations and a free-operant simulation. Sensitivity to differences in programmed reinforcement rates was quantified by using the sensitivity parameter of the generalized matching law (s). The first experiment, replicating prior published experiments, produced a greater degree of undermatching for the initial choice (s = 0.59) compared to final choices (s = 0.86). The second experiment, which extended prior findings by allowing only one choice per trial, produced comparable undermatching (s = 0.82). The third experiment used free-operant procedures more typical of laboratory studies of habitat matching with other species and produced the most undermatching (s = 0.71). The results of these experiments replicated previous results with human groups, supported predictions of the ideal free distribution, and suggested that undermatching represents a systematic deviation from the ideal free distribution. These results are consistent with a melioration account of individual behavior as the basis for group choice. 相似文献
133.
Group choice refers to the distribution of group members between two choice alternatives over time. The ideal free distribution (IFD), an optimal foraging model from behavioral ecology, predicts that the ratio of foragers at two resource sites should equal the ratio of obtained resources, a prediction that is formally analogous to the matching law of individual choice, except that group choice is a social phenomenon. Two experiments investigated the usefulness of IFD analyses of human group choice and individual-based explanations that might account for the group-level events. Instead of nonhuman animals foraging at two sites for resources, a group of humans chose blue and red cards to receive points that could earn cash prizes. The groups chose blue and red cards in ratios in positive relation to the ratios of points associated with the cards. When group choice ratios and point ratios were plotted on logarithmic coordinates and fitted with regression lines, the slopes (i.e., sensitivity measures) approached 1.0 but tended to fall short of it (i.e., undermatching), with little bias and little unaccounted for variance. These experiments demonstrate that an IFD analysis of group choice is possible and useful, and suggest that group choice may be explained by the individual members' tendency to optimize reinforcement. 相似文献
134.
人本主义健康人格和儒家理想人格的比较研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
人格心理学的研究不仅应注重对心理现象的理解,更应该致力于人类心理问题的解决和人类心理生活质量的提高。对健康人格(或理想人格)的追求,是东西方思想家为之不懈的努力。人本主义健康人格和儒家理想人格是东西方两种理想的人格模式,虽然东西方文化传统所赋予的内容不同,但都是一种人生发展的目标。本文对两者进行了比较研究,认为两者既有差异之处,又有相似之处,同时两者对塑造现代人格有很大启示。 相似文献
135.
青少年罪犯焦虑抑郁特征研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
青少年罪犯存在抑郁症状的比例达74.5%以上,患焦虑症的比例为30.5%.引起青少年罪犯抑郁的因素有自罪、精神性焦虑、胃肠道症状、体重下降、迟滞与疑病;引起焦虑的因素有躯体性障碍、焦虑的心理障碍. 相似文献
136.
男性少年犯与同龄中学生人格特征的比较研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用加利福尼亚心理调查表(CPI-RC)对178男性少年犯和219名同龄男性中学生进行了测查。结果表明:(1)少年犯与同龄中学生的人格特征存在显著差异,少年犯的自我确认、社会价值内化、成就潜能、生活和社会态度、自我实现和个人整合水平都较同龄中学生差;(2)在人格类型上,少年犯与同龄中学生亦存在差异,少年犯的人格类型以常规异向居多。 相似文献
137.
Keith A. King Linda K. Kraemer Amy L. Bernard Rebecca A. Vidourek 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(5):606-614
We surveyed 191 Southwest Ohio foster parents regarding their involvement in authoritative parenting and interest for additional
parenting education. Our results showed that most respondents reported using an authoritative parenting style and were interested
in receiving future training. Involvement in authoritative parenting differed significantly based on level of education and
number of years as a foster parent. Foster parents with a college degree or higher were significantly more involved in authoritative
parenting than foster parents with a high school diploma or less. Those who had been a foster parent for greater than five
years were significantly more likely than those who been a foster parent for five years or less to use authoritative parenting
and desire future training in authoritative parenting. 相似文献
138.
Jason D. Brown Nadine Sigvaldason Lisa M. Bednar 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(2):197-208
A sample of 63 licensed foster parents was asked, “What motivates you to foster a child who has a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?” The responses to this question were grouped together by licensed foster parents. The grouped data were subjected to multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Results indicated that foster parents were motivated to care for children with alcohol-related disabilities by witnessing positive changes in the children in their care, helping children focus on their strengths, using their own parenting experience, earning an income, assisting children who have disabilities, and helping children stay connected to their families and communities. Foster parents who foster children with alcohol-related disabilities foster for similar reasons to those who foster children with special needs in general. Differences between the literature on foster parent motives and study results were described. Foster parents who are caring for children with alcohol-related disabilities see their care as specialized, see their roles as long-term helpers facilitators to children, their birth families and home communities, and emphasize positive experiences of fostering. 相似文献
139.
Psychosocial theories focused on the intrafamilial transmission of anxiety often concentrate on specific parenting behaviors
that increase risk of anxiety disorders in children. Two such theories—affectionate versus affectionless control—both implicate
parenting, although differently, in the pathogenesis of childhood anxiety. The present article reviews observational studies
that focus on interactions between parents and children in anxious families in order to examine critically each of these two
models. We divide these observational studies into two groups: those that seek to characterize the behavior of anxious parents
(top-down studies) versus parents of anxious children (bottom-up studies). This approach reveals that there is a consistent
relationship between controlling parental behavior in families with anxiety-disordered children as well as a consistent relationship
between parental behavior low in warmth and families with anxiety-disordered parents. The present article discusses the implications
of the pattern that unfolds from the observational studies of the last decade and provides suggestions for future research
in the area. 相似文献
140.
The effects of exposure to muscular male models among men: exploring the moderating role of gym use and exercise motivation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This study examines the effects of exposure to the muscular male body ideal on body-focused negative affect among male gym users and non-exercisers. As hypothesized, the impact of media exposure depended on men's exercise status. Non-exercisers (n = 58) reported greater body-focused negative affect after exposure to images of muscular male models than after neutral images (no model controls), whereas gym users (n = 58) showed a tendency for less body-focused negative affect after the model images than after the control images. Furthermore, the extent to which gym users were motivated to increase strength and muscularity moderated these exposure effects; men who reported stronger strength and muscularity exercise motivation reported a greater degree of self-enhancement after exposure to the muscular ideal. The findings are interpreted with respect to likely differences in motives for social comparisons. 相似文献