Rhetoric and the Reception Theory of Rationality in the Work of Two Buddhist Philosophers

Although rhetoric is not a category of ancient Indian philosophy, this paper argues that Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla, 2 eighth-century Indian Buddhist philosophers, can nonetheless be seen to embrace a rhetorical conception of rationality. That is, while these thinkers are strong proponents of rational analysis and philosophical argumentation as tools for attaining certainty, they also uphold the contingent nature of all such processes. Drawing on the categories of the New Rhetoric, this paper argues that these Buddhist thinkers understand philosophical argumentation to be directed at a universal audience of rational beings, where this universal audience is not an actual audience but a rhetorical one constructed through the author’s particular and historically contingent conception of what counts as rational. A reception theory of rationality is one that holds that the rationality of an argument depends upon its acceptance by a rational audience. When philosophers recognize the historically contingent nature of what counts as rational, they can embrace a reception theory of rationality that neither reduces the rational to mere opinion nor restricts it to a single, absolute, and timeless standard.

Congruences on Dynamic Algebras

The lattice Cong of all dynamic congruences on a given dynamic algebra is presented. Whenever is separable with zero we define dynamic ideal on , given rise to the lattice Ide. The notions of kernel of a dynamic congruence andthe congruence generated by a dynamic ideal are introduced todescribe a Galois connection between Cong and Ide. We study conditions under which a dynamic congruence is determined byits kernel.     

参照性交流中的“听者设计”

“听者设计”一直是参照性交流研究领域中的热点。参照性交流过程中交流者通常会根据对交流同伴共享信息的评估来调整自己的行为,但是这些调整什么时候以及怎样发生的机制问题仍然存在争论。重点评述了“听者设计”的已有研究角度和研究进展,并归纳总结了参照惯例视角、记忆和注意视角、交流情境视角的研究观点。未来研究应扩展已有研究设计,以深入探查“听者设计”的形成、获得、发展变化过程,以及其与参照性交流其他限制因素间的相互作用;需要结合行为证据和眼动、脑成像证据等以帮助揭示“听者设计”过程的行为特点与认知机制。     

对性别助长假设的初步验证:在场观众的性别影响作业效绩吗?

为了检验金盛华于1989年提出的“性别助长假设”,采用现场实验探讨观众魅力对性别助长效应的干涉作用。32个中专学生(男女各半)在4种观众条件下测试BAH时间。结果表明,观众条件对女性被试的作业效绩无影响;而高魅力异性观众的在场能助长男性被试的效绩,而低魅力的异性观众在场会削弱其效绩。因此,性别助长效应受到诸多因素(如被试的性别、观众的魅力)的干涉,男性易出现助长现象,且高魅力的异性观众才对作业效绩具有助长作用。     

小康社会与公民道德断想

应当把社会伦理关系的变革和主体道德人格的完善列为全面建设小康社会的基本的价值目标 ,不仅要切实理顺经济伦理关系 ,而且必须逐步建立起与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的、公正的政治伦理关系和文化伦理关系。小康社会的道德要求包括经济交往中的效率与公平、政治生活中的正义与民主、文化领域中的服务与奉献。小康社会的人格理想将以追求人性的自我完善和人格的自主、自觉、自由为基本特点。小康社会也将使人们的行为方式发生这样或那样的变化。     

中西人格心理思想之比较研究

该文通过跨文化、跨时间比较的方式,讨论了中国古代人格心理思想与西方人格心理理论的异同。采取的研究纬度主要有：人格理论的出发点,归宿,理论类型,理想人格标准以及研究方法。中西人格心理思想都以人性为出发点和理论依据,但中国是以人性的优点、人性的可塑性为出发点,而西方是以人性的弱点、人性的易碎性为出发点;都以经世致用为最基本之归宿,都看到了人格的整体性和可分性,有着类型大体相同的各种人格理论;都十分关注理想人格,但标准却不尽相同。     

Metamorphoses of the Ideal

For Evald Il’enkov, philosophy is a science of the ideal. Il’enkov spent his entire life researching the logical and historical metamorphoses of the ideal. In general, he considered the ideal as a relation between at least two different things, one of which adequately represents the essence of another. At various times Il’enkov explored quite a few ideal phenomena: forms of value and forms of property, personality and talent, language, music and fine arts, not to mention numerous categories of dialectics, ethics, and aesthetics. The article also addresses the problem: which of these phenomena is the most typical and adequate form of being of the ideal?.     

自我监控性作为性别助长效应的干涉变量

采用双手调节器操作任务进一步验证“性别助长”假设。20个自我监控者与20个我行我素者(男女各半)分别按抵消顺序接受两种实验处理：男性观众和女性观众。结果表明,异性观众可以助长男性被试的操作速度,而削弱女性被试的操作速度;对于作业效绩也存在着同样的交互作用;自我监控性是性别助长效应的一个重要干涉变量,男自我监控者表现出明显的异性助长,女自我监控者表现出明显的异性抑制,而我行我素者没有表现出明显的观众效应。由于自我监控性对相应的异性效应有一种放大作用,可知性别助长效应的基础是以印象管理动机为主。     

Discriminating the integrated orientation of line segments and its statistical efficiencies

Abstract:  We carried out two experiments to investigate both how efficiencies fluctuate due to the experimental conditions and how we determine the representative efficiency among such various efficiencies in the discrimination task of line orientations. In Experiment 1, line segments were displayed simultaneously and dispersed spatially, while in Experiment 2, line segments were displayed sequentially. In both experiments, statistical efficiencies were calculated. In Experiment 1, efficiencies initially increased as stimulus duration increased, and decreased as the number of lines increased to a point where the efficiencies remained almost stable despite additional changes of stimulus duration or number of lines. In contrast, in Experiment 2, efficiencies were stable for almost all numbers of sequentially displayed lines, except for the condition that four lines were displayed in random positions. These stable efficiencies were approximately 50% in Experiment 1 and 30–50% in Experiment 2. We suggest that these stable efficiencies are varied in the context that human and ideal observers would adopt the same strategy regardless of the experimental conditions.     

Strategic Maneuvering through Persuasive Definitions: Implications for Dialectic and Rhetoric

Persuasive definitions – those that convey an attitude in the act of naming – are frequently employed in discourse and are a form of strategic maneuvering. The dynamics of persuasive definition are explored through brief case studies and an extended analysis of the use of the “war” metaphor in responding to terrorism after September 11, 2001. Examining persuasive definitions enables us to notice similarities and differences between strategic maneuvering in dialectical and in rhetorical argument, as well as differences between the role of strategic maneuvering in normatively ideal argument and in actually existing argument. This will avoid the double standard of comparing ideal dialectic with actual rhetoric, or vice versa. The results of the analysis suggest possibilities for a rapprochement between dialectical and rhetorical approaches to argumentation.