领导者底线心智对团队创新的双刃剑效应

底线心智是一种以获取底线利润结果为中心,而忽略其他一切竞争事项优先权(如企业社会责任、利益相关者权益、员工福利等)的单维思维模式。虽然底线心智可能导致管理者只注重绩效而忽视其他对企业有利的重要事项,甚至采取不道德的手段来实现目标,但研究也表明底线心智能够提高员工工作专注度进而提升绩效。为进一步推进底线心智双刃剑效应的研究,本文构建了领导者底线心智对团队创新双刃剑效应的影响机制模型,指出领导者底线心智一方面抑制了团队风险承担意愿,进而相比于探索式创新更有益于利用式创新;另一方面能够激发团队强迫激情,从而相比于团队创意产生更有利于团队创意实施。本文为深化底线心智领域的研究提供了参考,也为组织和领导者如何更好管理底线心智提供了重要建议。     

矩阵完成问题的项目生成研究

依据Embretson提出的认知设计系统方法,设计并编制了矩阵完成问题的项目生成系统,实际生成了矩阵完成问题测验。探讨矩阵测验与瑞文测验的关系,以及认知模型对矩阵问题的难度和区分度的预测能力。结果表明所设计的认知模型对矩阵项目的性能参数有一定的预测能力,生成的矩阵测验与瑞文测验有基本相同的心理测量属性。可以使用该系统生成的矩阵项目来测量被试的抽象推理能力。     

From exemplar to grammar: a probabilistic analogy-based model of language learning

While rules and exemplars are usually viewed as opposites, this paper argues that they form end points of the same distribution. By representing both rules and exemplars as (partial) trees, we can take into account the fluid middle ground between the two extremes. This insight is the starting point for a new theory of language learning that is based on the following idea: If a language learner does not know which phrase-structure trees should be assigned to initial sentences, s/he allows (implicitly) for all possible trees and lets linguistic experience decide which is the "best" tree for each sentence. The best tree is obtained by maximizing "structural analogy" between a sentence and previous sentences, which is formalized by the most probable shortest combination of subtrees from all trees of previous sentences. Corpus-based experiments with this model on the Penn Treebank and the Childes database indicate that it can learn both exemplar-based and rule-based aspects of language, ranging from phrasal verbs to auxiliary fronting. By having learned the syntactic structures of sentences, we have also learned the grammar implicit in these structures, which can in turn be used to produce new sentences. We show that our model mimicks children's language development from item-based constructions to abstract constructions, and that the model can simulate some of the errors made by children in producing complex questions.     

Argumentative Ordering of Utterances for Language Generation in Multi-party Human–Computer Dialogue

In trying to control various aspects concerning utterance production in multi-party human–computer dialogue, argumentative considerations play an important part, particularly in choosing appropriate lexical units so that we fine-tune the degree of persuasion that each utterance has. A preliminary step in this endeavor is the ability to place an ordering relation between semantic forms (that are due to be realized as utterances, by the machine), concerning their persuasion strength, with respect to certain (explicit or implicit) conclusions. Thus, in this article, we propose a mechanism for assessing utterances, in terms of their argumentative force. The framework designed conflates insights from Asher and Lascarides’ SDRT (“Segmented Discourse Representation Theory”), and from Anscombre and Ducrot’s AT (“Argumentation Theory”). These mechanisms are included in a language generation component of a multi-party dialogue system for book reservation applications (i.e., a “virtual librarian”), and thus evaluated via typical human–machine conversations.

诊断认知策略的几何类比推理测验题的特征及其编制研究

该文在新一代测验理论的视角下,以几何类比推理测验为研究对象,以认知策略的诊断为目的,研究更能引发被试的规则构建策略或选项剔除策略的项目的特征。研究结果表明,项目中元素数量是影响被试使用规则构建策略或选项剔除策略的关键因素,元素数量越多时越倾向于用规则构建策略,而元素数量越少时倾向于用选项剔除策略。研究结果可直接用于测验设计,使得测验能更多在某一策略的框假下分析描述被试特征。     

言语产生中的韵律生成

首先描述了韵律生成的相关模型。然后以研究的问题为着眼点,回顾了言语产生中韵律生成的相关研究。发现大多数研究结果都证明,在单词产生过程中,存在一个独立于音段内容的抽象韵律结构,其中包含了词的重音模式和音节数量等信息;在短语和句子产生过程中,韵律结构和停顿模式都不是完全决定于句法结构,而具有相对的独立性;句子韵律产生的最佳单位是韵律词。语言学韵律产生的脑区激活呈左侧化趋势。     

When Problems Lead to Ideas: The Roles of Daily Vigor and Social Interactions

In this study, we investigate idea generation by conducting a diary study. We hypothesized that idea generation depends on problem identification, and that this relation is moderated by two factors: (a) the number of social interactions an individual has with “non‐redundant” network connections, and (b) an individual's level of vigor. The hypotheses were tested by making use of a diary study among 31 employees of a Dutch applied university over a period of 2 weeks. Results showed that idea generation results from the identification of problems that require new ideas to solve them. An individual's number of social interactions and the level of redundancy of these social interactions moderated this relation. The level of vigor of an individual did not predict idea generation, but results suggest that vigor is needed for interacting with others. Furthermore, this study contributes to the creativity research using a new approach to look at the effects of social interactions by relating them to the overall structure of social networks.     

新生代工作价值观结构、测量及对绩效影响

采用质化和量化相结合的方法, 运用3批共893份问卷, 探析中国情境下新生代工作价值观的结构、内涵和测量工具, 并检验新生代工作价值观对绩效的影响。结果表明, 新生代工作价值观是一个包含功利导向、内在偏好、人际和谐、创新导向、长期发展的二阶五因子结构, 其量表具有良好的信度和效度, 且对角色内绩效和角色外绩效都呈显著的正向影响效应。文章有利于管理者更全面、深刻地理解新生代员工的工作价值观, 并为构建基于工作价值观的新生代管理体系提供必要的理论基础和技术支持。     

Influence of Generational Status and Financial Stress on Academic and Career Self‐Efficacy

The importance of a college degree is underscored by higher unemployment rates of individuals who have not completed college (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014 ). Academic and career self‐efficacy influence students' completion of college, and 1st‐generation college students and those under financial strain may experience decreased self‐efficacy (Wohlgemuth et al., 2007 ). Participants in this study (N = 383) were college students at a 4‐year university. Results from a 2 × 3 multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis revealed significant differences in academic and career self‐efficacy based on financial stress, but not generational status.     

新一代测验理论-认知诊断理论的源起与特征

认知诊断理论被视为新一代测验理论的核心,是认知心理学与现代测量学相结合的产物。对认知诊断的研究已成为当前国外心理学研究的一个重要热点,并引起国内学者的广泛关注。本文从认知诊断的源起、概念、特征,及研究的基础、框架、意义和难点等七个方面对认知诊断的理论与技术作了一个简要述评,以期推进我国心理学界认知诊断的研究工作。