Sustained attentional and disattentional abilities and arousability: Factor analysis and relationships to hypnotic susceptibility

The neurophysiologically separate dimensions of deeply focused, sustained attention and arousability are shown to be differentially related to hypnotic susceptibility. University undergraduates, 98 men and 112 women, were administered the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility; the Group Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C); and questionnaires that assessed attentional abilities (Differential Attentional Processes Inventory (DAPI), Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS)), Extraversion (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire), strength of the nervous system (Strelau Temperament Scale (STS)), augmenting-reducing (Vando Reducer-Augmenter Scale (RAS)), and emotionality (Affect Intensity Measure (AIM)). Women were significantly higher on TAS, DAPI dual attention physical-cognitive scale, and AIM; men were significantly higher on TAS and STI Strength of Excitation Scale. Separate factor analyses for men and women separately yielded fairly similar four-factor solutions. The first major factor, defined by DAPI Moderately Focused Attention and Dual Attention scales, represented moderately sustained attention in a complex environment with limited interference from competing stimuli. The extremely involved and focused attention factor, defined by the TAS and DAPI Extremely Focused Attention Scale, had hypnotic susceptibility loaded more strongly for men than women. The arousability factor was defined by EPQ Extraversion, STI Mobility of Nervous System (MNS) scale, and RAS. The neo-Pavlovian nervous system processes factor was defined by the STI Strength of Excitation and Strength of Inhibition scales; the STI MNS scale also loaded on this factor for men. Only for women were introverts more hypnotizable than extraverts. Results support H. J. Crawford and J. H. Gruzelier's (1992) in E. Fromm and M. Nash (Eds.) Contemporary Perspectives in Hypnosis Research (pp. 227–266) New York: Guildford Press) neurophysiological model of hypnosis that proposes that highly hypnotizable persons have a more efficient fronto-limbic sustained attentional and disattentional system.     

心理戒毒实验研究

1问题以往对毒品依赖者的临床治疗,偏重于躯体依赖的药物戒治,实践表明,克服戒断反应并不困难。然而,戒断反应消除了,毒瘾却并没戒除,表现是：复吸率非常高──达98％。如此之高的复吸率引起我们的注意：反复吸毒到底是一个生理问题还是一个心理问题？吸毒者在反复吸毒过程中追求的是什么？由此,导向另一个更深层次的问题：“戒毒要戒掉什么？”我们就此问题进行了调查,调查对象包括广州、探圳等戒毒所收治的150名吸毒者。结果显示：（1）开始吸毒时有非常强烈的情绪体验,这种情绪体验的强烈程度和愉快程度远远超过性交的体验。随…     

认知神经科学视角的催眠研究述评

催眠被广泛的应用在临床心理治疗中, 但是, 关于催眠方面的研究却相当匮乏, 而且相当模糊。近年来, 随着fMRI, ERP和PET等技术的引入, 我们对催眠引导和催眠暗示有了更加深入的理解。对于疼痛和幻觉的研究表明, 至少对于高暗示性被试而言, 催眠暗示可以引起与真实刺激同样的大脑皮层的激活; 而催眠后暗示对于注意策略的调控, 可以使原有的认知过程发生改变, 其中之一是使用催眠后暗示来抑制“Stroop效应”语义加工过程; 催眠后遗忘更是实现了内隐记忆和外显记忆遗忘的分离。未来研究者将继续从探讨催眠本身的神经属性和催眠暗示所引起的认知过程的改变两个角度去认识催眠, 揭开催眠的实质。