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51.
Scientists’ responsibility to inform the public about their results may conflict with their responsibility not to cause social
disturbance by the communication of these results. A study of the well-known Brady-Spence and Iben Browning earthquake predictions
illustrates this conflict in the publication of scientifically unwarranted predictions. Furthermore, a public policy that
considers public sensitivity caused by such publications as an opportunity to promote public awareness is ethically problematic
from (i) a refined consequentialist point of view that any means cannot be justified by any ends, and (ii) a rights view according
to which individuals should never be treated as a mere means to ends. The Parkfield experiment, the so-called paradigm case
of cooperation between natural and social scientists and the political authorities in hazard management and risk communication,
is also open to similar ethical criticism. For the people in the Parkfield area were not informed that the whole experiment
was based on a contested seismological paradigm. 相似文献
52.
Valer Ambrus 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1999,30(1):1-16
Putnam originally developed his causal theory of meaning in order to support scientific realism and reject the notion of incommensurability.
Later he gave up this position and adopted instead what he called ‘internal realism’, but apparently without changing his
mind on topics related to his former philosophy of language. The question must arise whether internal realism, which actually
is a species of antirealism, is compatible with the causal theory of meaning. In giving an answer I begin with an analysis
of the content and metaphysical background of scientific realism. I show that it presupposes metaphysical realism and that
Putnam's philosophical conversion is due to his becoming aware of the latter's incoherence. After giving a brief sketch of
internal realism I conclude by arguing that within this new theoretical framework the causal theory of meaning loses its force
as a weapon against incommensurability.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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This article explores how autobiographical memory serves as the foundation for people's accounts of their wisdom. Two complementary approaches to wisdom are introduced: an intrapersonal or person-based approach, which defines wisdom as personal qualities or personality traits, and an interactionist or endeavor-based approach, which focuses on wisdom incidents—people's displays of wisdom in real-life situations. The literatures on autobiographical memory and on wisdom suggest that, when wisdom is defined as personal qualities or personality traits, its foundation in autobiographical memory is self-concept. However, when wisdom is defined as actual displays of wisdom, its foundation in autobiographical memory is specific autobiographical memories. The article discusses how autobiographical memory grounds and constrains the memories of wisdom. Further, using research on autobiographical memory, it argues that memories of wisdom incidents serve self, directive, and social functions, and that such memories are highly accessible, vividly remembered, and reasonably accurate. 相似文献
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Håkansson Eklund J 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2006,47(5):399-409
Empathy and viewing another person as a subject rather than an object are often associated in theoretical contexts, but empirical research of the relation is scarce. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between subject/object view and empathy. In Study 1, participants watched film clips and indicated their empathy for specific characters in the clips, as well as the extent to which they saw these persons as subjects and objects. The subject/object view explained some, but not all, of the differences in empathy, which raised the question of what else accounts for differences in empathy. A second study was conducted to investigate whether the difficulty of the other's situation also contributes. In Study 2, another group watched the film clips and rated the difficulty of the film character's situations in addition to empathy and subject/object view. The results of Study 2 revealed that subject view/object and perceived difficulty together explain a substantial part of differences in empathy. It was concluded that empathy is evoked primarily when a person in difficulty is viewed as a subject. 相似文献
59.
In this note we show that the classical modal technology of Sahlqvist formulas gives quick proofs of the completeness theorems in [8] (D. Gregory, Completeness and decidability results for some propositional modal logics containing actually operators, Journal of Philosophical Logic 30(1): 57–78, 2001) and vastly generalizes them. Moreover, as a corollary, interpolation theorems for the logics considered in [8] are obtained. We then compare Gregory's modal language enriched with an actually operator with the work of Arthur Prior now known under the name of hybrid logic. This analysis relates the actually axioms to standard hybrid axioms, yields the decidability results in [8], and provides a number of complexity results. Finally, we use a bisimulation argument to show that the hybrid language is strictly more expressive than Gregory's language. 相似文献
60.
医疗保障制度改革过程中的价值取向问题及其影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
周云 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2001,22(7):13-15
随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立,我国传统的劳保医疗制度和公费医疗制度已越来越不适应社会发展的要求,呈现出诸多弊端,亟待改革。作为一项公共政策,医疗保障制度在改革与完善的过程中应根据科学行政的要求对政策的价值取向进行深入分析,以便顺利实施改革的各项方案。分析医疗保障制度改革中所涉及的各方面的价值观及其对改革的影响,希望唤起政策制定者对不同群体利益的关注,从而保证政策体系的稳定。 相似文献