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91.
A necessary and sufficient condition is given in this paper for the existence and uniqueness of the maximum likelihood (the
so-called joint maximum likelihood) estimate of the parameters of the Partial Credit Model. This condition is stated in terms
of a structural property of the pattern of the data matrix that can be easily verified on the basis of a simple iterative
procedure. The result is proved by using an argument of Haberman (1977).
The author wishes to thank the Editor and the anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped to substantially improve
the final version of this paper.
This research was supported in part by a MURST grant (ex 60%). 相似文献
92.
Two new tests for a model for the response times on pure speed tests by Rasch (1960) are proposed. The model is based on the
assumption that the test response times are approximately gamma distributed, with known index parameters and unknown rate
parameters. The rate parameters are decomposed in a subject ability parameter and a test difficulty parameter. By treating
the ability as a gamma distributed random variable, maximum marginal likelihood (MML) estimators for the test difficulty parameters
and the parameters of the ability distribution are easily derived. Also the model tests proposed here pertain to the framework
of MML. Two tests or modification indices are proposed. The first one is focused on the assumption of local stochastic independence,
the second one on the assumption of the test characteristic functions. The tests are based on Lagrange multiplier statistics,
and can therefore be computed using the parameter estimates under the null model. Therefore, model violations for all items
and pairs of items can be assessed as a by-product of one single estimation run. Power studies and applications to real data
are included as numerical examples. 相似文献
93.
Quantitative psychology is concerned with the development and application of mathematical models in the behavioral sciences.
Over time, models have become more complex, a consequence of the increasing complexity of research designs and experimental
data, which is also a consequence of the utility of mathematical models in the science. As models have become more elaborate,
the problems of estimating them have become increasingly challenging. This paper gives an introduction to a computing tool
called automatic differentiation that is useful in calculating derivatives needed to estimate a model. As its name implies,
automatic differentiation works in a routine way to produce derivatives accurately and quickly. Because so many features of
model development require derivatives, the method has considerable potential in psychometric work. This paper reviews several
examples to demonstrate how the methodology can be applied.
From the Presidential Address delivered at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Tilburg University, The Netherlands,
July 5–8, 2005. 相似文献
94.
Lynam DR Caspi A Moffitt TE Raine A Loeber R Stouthamer-Loeber M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2005,33(4):431-443
The present study examines the relation between psychopathy and the Big Five dimensions of personality in two samples of adolescents. Specifically, the study tests the hypothesis that the aspect of psychopathy representing selfishness, callousness, and interpersonal manipulation (Factor 1) is most strongly associated with low Agreeableness, whereas the aspect of psychopathy representing impulsivity, instability, and social deviance (Factor 2) is associated with low Agreeableness, low Conscientiousness, and high Neuroticism. Data from 13- and 16-year-old boys and their mothers from two samples of the Pittsburgh Youth Study are used to test these hypotheses. Results were consistent across age and rating source in supporting the initial hypotheses, providing support for the construct of juvenile psychopathy and the interpretation of psychopathy as a constellation of traits drawn from a general model of personality functioning. 相似文献
95.
We explore the relationship between ethnomethodology (EM), ethnography and the needs of managers and designers in industry, considering both ethnomethodological and industrial criteria of adequacy and explicating their relationship through the concept of “audience.” We examine a range of studies in this light, with a view to their possible candidacy as hybrid studies and identify three types of application of EM studies of work: market research, design, and business improvement. Application in the first of these fields we dub “anthropological,” in that it consists in studying and reporting back on the ways of exotic people (customers). This is the application most commonly found in studies of computer supported co-operative work (CSCW). A second CSCW application, “technomethodology,” involves the introduction of EM concepts into the design process. A further application, dubbed “holding-up-a-mirror,” involves reporting back to members of a setting upon their own activities. We argue that technomethodology and holding-up-a-mirror both offer the possibility of creating hybrid disciplines. We consider the objection that improvement and design involve the introduction of value judgements that threaten the practice of EM indifference, arguing that action research can serve as a guarantee of unique adequacy (UA) by testing the researcher’s understanding as analysis in action in the setting. Furthermore, the standard of reporting required by the UA criterion contributes to the effectiveness of proposed solutions. 相似文献
96.
Child Maltreatment and Emergent Personality Organization: Perspectives from the Five-Factor Model 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The Five-Factor Model was used to examine personality organization in 211 six-year-old children (135 maltreated and 76 nonmaltreated). Longitudinal assessments were conducted at ages 7, 8, and 9. Six-year-old maltreated children exhibited lower agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience and higher neuroticism than did nonmaltreated children. Maltreated children also were more frequently represented in less adaptive personality clusters than were their nonmaltreated counterparts. A particularly vulnerable profile occurred predominantly among maltreated children and was related to experiencing both abuse and neglect. Child maltreatment and personality clusters were related to individual differences perceived by peers. Longitudinal stability of the personality dimensions also was assessed. At age nine, evidence was found for maintenance of the organization of the personality clusters obtained at age six and for continuity of maltreated children's personality liabilities. 相似文献
97.
The Hybrid Logic of Linear Set Spaces 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
98.
Rambo (1993) theorized that religious conversion consists of a process involving seven dimensions, labeled context, crisis, quest, encounter, interaction, commitment, and consequences. To test the Rambo model, a new measure, the 97-item Adult Religious Conversion Experiences Questionnaire (ARCEQ), was developed, revised on the basis of feedback from a focus group, and administered by mail to 110 adult volunteers who self-identified as having experienced conversion. Reliability analysis of the subscales of the ARCEQ resulted in five (crisis, quest, encounter, commitment, and consequences) meeting the criterion ( > .80). A sixth (interaction) achieved a reliability of .76 and was retained, but the seventh (context) was dropped. Principal components factor analysis with Varimax rotation produced factors labeled Redemptive Love, Zealous Dedication, Dysphoric Need, Openness to Uncertainty, Extrinsic Crisis, and Experiential Learning, which could readily be interpreted in relation to Rambo's model. Subsidiary analyses showed a number of significant correlations between demographic characteristics of the sample and differences in religious conversion experience. 相似文献
99.
语篇理解中背景信息的激活: 情景限制的共振过程 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
该研究采用双人物线索语篇材料,对语篇理解中背景信息激活过程的共振模型与剧景模型进行检验。实验一发现,如果主角和配角一直同时在故事情景中成为主线索,则目标句中主角的行为可以激活那些经过屏蔽的、与这一行为相关的配角特征。在实验二中,配角只是在特征描述段落中出现,而后通过适当的描述使其在故事情景中消失,使主角成为故事的主线索,结果发现,此时目标句中主角的行为并不会激活经过屏蔽的配角的特征描述。这些结果表明,背景信息的激活虽然具有共振的特点,但共振并不是无范围限制的,而是一种情景限制下的共振。 相似文献
100.
Yamaguchi M 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2004,45(5):357-361
Connectionist models with a backpropagation learning rule are known to have a serious problem. Such models exhibit catastrophic interference (or forgetting) with sequential training. Having learned a set of patterns, if the model is trained on another set of patterns, its performance on the first set can dramatically deteriorate very rapidly. The present study reconsiders this issue with four simulations. The model learned arithmetic facts sequentially, but the interference was only modest with random (hence approximately orthogonal) inputs. Essentially the same result was obtained when the inputs are made less orthogonal by adding irrelevant elements. Reducing the number of hidden units did not have major effects. This study suggests that the interference problem has been somewhat overstated. 相似文献