焦虑对社会决策行为的影响

焦虑是在人类日常生活中常见的一种负性情绪。探讨焦虑情绪在个人生活和工作中扮演的角色, 是生理学界和心理学界的一项重要课题。过往研究显示焦虑水平的提高会对社会能力和社交技巧造成显著的影响。在社会决策领域中, 这种影响的具体表现是高焦虑者比低焦虑者更倾向于采取回避风险的策略。但是, 过往研究主要关心包含经济因素的社会决策, 而对其他类型的社会行为的探索存在不足。以下问题值得未来研究者们关注：在个体层面上, 高焦虑者是否会更容易受到外界信息的影响, 表现出更强的从众行为和权威依从倾向, 与他人进行社会比较或社会竞争的动机是否会被削弱？在群体层面上, 高焦虑者是否更容易表现出人际信任, 以及是否会表现出更强的服从集体倾向？考察这些问题将会为针对焦虑情绪的认知研究和临床研究起到促进作用。     

Amotivation and the occupational decision: an investigation of Australian senior high school students

This exploratory study investigated the occupational decision-related processes of senior high school students, in terms of the extent to which they may be amotivated in choosing a future occupation. Data were gathered using a newly developed questionnaire, which was largely adapted from a number of psychometrically proven instruments, and administered to 492 Grade 11 students attending a stratified random sample of six independent high schools in Sydney, Australia. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data. The major findings of the study include the development of a new empirically supported model that relates amotivation and vocational decision-related processes. The findings may be used by career advisors, psychologists, educators, and family members to advise and assist amotivated senior high school students to make occupational decisions.     

从雌激素替代治疗的历史看临床决策的影响因素

20世纪40年代,动物实验提供的致癌效应证据限制了雌激素替代治疗的应用。20世纪60年代,价值观因素极大地推动了雌激素替代治疗,以至于关于致癌效应的证据被忽视。20世纪70年代,人群研究提供的致癌效应证据使得雌激素替代治疗的应用不断减少。20世纪80年代,致癌效应的消除和观察性流行病学研究提供的心脏保护证据,将雌激素替代治疗的应用推向了顶峰。20世纪末,大规模随机对照试验提供的有害效应证据推动了雌激素替代治疗应用的大幅下降。雌激素替代治疗一波三折的历史体现了证据、价值观在不同时期对临床决策的不同影响,说明只有遵循循证医学的实践模式,基于现有最佳的科学证据,并结合医生的临床经验与患者的价值观,才可能做出科学、有效的临床治疗决策。     

创造力研究的新领域:合作创造力

创造力研究已经从重视个体创造力逐渐走向重视具有复杂互动功能的合作创造力。本文首先论述了合作创造力研究的产生及特点,然后总结了合作创造领域目前研究的主要问题,如个体与群体同一性、个体与群体动机以及有助于创造的个体及环境因素,并指出合作创造力研究领域需要解决的问题,认为应在重视合作创造过程与机制研究的基础上,建构系统的合作创造力理论,同时注重研究合作创造力的支持环境与支持技术,并且发展出合作创造力的评估体系。     

Antecedents and consequences of career decisional states in adolescence

This longitudinal study tested students in Grade 8 and again in Grade 10 on career (maturity, barriers, indecision, decision-making and self-efficacy), well-being (self-esteem, life satisfaction, and coping), and social (school achievement, paid work experience) variables. Students were allocated to decided or undecided conditions at T1, T2 and across T1-T2, based on self-reported global decidedness ratings. As predicted, the undecided students had poorer career, well-being, and social outcomes than the decided students at T1 and T2. The undecided group was also less likely to report having paid work experience at T1, and to be overrepresented by females at T2. Students who were undecided at T1 and T2 (i.e., continuously undecided) fared poorer than students who were decided at T1 and T2 (continuously decided) and students who changed decision status from T1 to T2 (i.e., developmentally undecided). Females were more likely to be continuously undecided, although continuously undecided males were more complacent and more likely to use maladaptive strategies than females. Implications of being temperamentally versus developmentally undecided are discussed.     

关于医疗同意书的若干法律问题的思考

医疗知情同意书与病人知情权密切相关,还涉及病人的自我决定权和隐私权。对知情同意书的本质及其法律效力,签署主体及告知的标准进行了一些探讨。     

儿童的决策行为

现有的研究表明,儿童早期就具有一定的利用概率和统计信息来做决策的能力,这种能力随着年龄增长,但和成人相比存在差异;儿童和成人同样运用启发式来做决策,且受许多判断偏见的影响。儿童的决策行为受到人格特征、性别、年龄、任务领域特殊性和信息表征等因素的影响。文中还介绍了决策的自我调节模型和“双过程”理论,从不同的角度解释和预测儿童决策行为的发展。最后分析了儿童决策研究的趋势。     

情绪对决策的影响机制及实验范式的研究进展

近年,情绪对于人类认知过程的作用正逐步受到研究者的重视．尤其是情绪对决策的影响备受关注,相继产生了多种情绪与决策的相关理论。本文旨在对现有的国外情绪与决策的相关理论进行梳理．同时对其影响机制和实验范式的演化及发展趋势进行概要性展望,以期为未来情绪与决策的研究提供可借鉴的研究思路和实验方法。     

医学基本功与临床决策

医学的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能,是临床医生的基本功底,是医疗实践的基础。任何疾病的发生、发展和治疗,都不能背离人体的生理病理规律。所提供的10个病例,充分地指明,掌握医学的基本功和对病情直接、全面、充分、持续的了解,是十分重要的。     

恶性肿瘤临床决策中应重视的问题

恶性肿瘤是特殊的疾病,临床决策具有高度复杂性。医患共同决策是应遵循的基本原则,多科室合作是决策成功的保障,生命质量是应予以高度关注的课题,人文思想是现代医生必备的素养。