The Tri-Council Policy Statement and Research in Cyberspace: Research Ethics, the Internet, and Revising a ‘Living Document’

Increasingly, the Internet is proving to be an important research tool. Today, cyberspace affords researchers easy access to traditionally difficult to reach populations, a host of virtual communities, and a wealth of data created through computer-mediated-communication. This newfound research frontier brings with it, however, a multiplicity of ethical concerns, including: (1) whether the Internet constitutes a private or public space; (2) whether the human subject paradigm is appropriate when considering the ethics of Internet research; and (3) whether cyber participants/‘speakers-as-writers’ and communities should be guaranteed confidentiality and anonymity when researchers contain or consider them in research. This paper examines these specific ethical concerns as they relate to Canada's Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, which, as yet, does not explicitly address ethics involved in Internet research. I propose that in large part the Internet is by definition a public site of activity, and as such, many posters cannot expect their texts to remain confidential, nor their names anonymous, and that the human subject paradigm is highly problematic in terms of regulating ethics involved in some research generated through new information technologies. This is most expressly the case with computer-mediated-communication, which, in light of the Tri-Council Policy Statement, can be viewed as theoretically akin to public entertainment and performance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the Limits of Parental Proxy Consent: Children's Right to Non-Participation in Non-Therapeutic Research

This paper considers what are the appropriate limits of parental or guardian proxy consent for a child's participation in medical or social science research. Such proxy consent, it is proposed, is invalid in regards “non-therapeutic research.” The latter research may add to scientific knowledge and/or benefit others, but any benefit to the child research participant is but a coincidental theoretical possibility and not a primary objective. Research involving children, without intended and acceptable prospect of beneficial outcome to the individual participant, even if with negligible risk, does not meet the test for “best interests.” Proxy consent for children's involvement in research is justifiable only when given for and on behalf of the child in his or her best interest to enhance the child's well-being. Only in the latter case is the parental proxy consent situation analogous in regards key criteria to a competent individual consenting to research participation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

休谟的经济正义思想

休谟从分析人类获取生活资料的方式入手,认为正义是一种社会契约,是尊重个人财产权的人为美德;他提出了正义的三大法则,即财产稳定地占有的法则,根据同意转移所有物的法则,履行许诺的法则,并强调政府在落实经济正义三大法则过程中的作用。休谟的经济正义思想反映了市场经济的某些一般特征,对于今天我们研究中国社会的经济正义问题仍有不可替代的借鉴价值。     

人类基因组计划及基因革命对伦理的挑战

人类基因组序列的测定和研究具有重大的科学价值和经济价值,同时,也带来一系列社会问题。基因组计划和基因革命对伦理造成了致命的冲击。人类基因商品化对公正原则提出了挑战;基因设计引发生命唯物化,引起了人类的尊严危机;优生运动有可能违背自主原则和平等原则。人类基因组计划应坚持那些体现了人类及其社会本性、价值和尊严的伦理原则即不伤害人、尊重人、有益于人、公正对待人,以及人与人之间互相团结等。     

论大众道德

大众道德是指既满足个人自身的基本心理需求、价值需要和个人正当利益诉求,同时主观上没有损害他人、社会的故意,客观上没有造成他人、社会的损害后果的行为方式,在某种程度上该行为方式也常常是对他人和集体有利的。大众道德是时代的需要,也是道德榜样的基础。它非常重视道德义务与道德权利有效整合,并将其融汇在个体的工作和生活之中。     

Buddhist Thought and Several Problems in the World Today

Buddhism has not only produced an influence upon the ancient world culture but is also playing an important role in world affairs today. This article analyzes several important problems in the world today: world peace, disarmament, economic justice, human rights, environmental protection, and universal cooperation in world problem solving. The writer holds that, to solve these problems, we should study Buddhist theory and get some helpful ideas from it. Translated from Beida Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 5, Special Issue, April 2004     

循证医学在ICU中的应用

循证医学(Evidence-Based Medicine,EBM)是指慎重、准确而明智地应用当前所能获得的最佳的研究证据,同时结合医生个人的专业技能和临床经验,并考虑患者的价值和愿望,将三者完美地结合起来制定出对患者最有利的临床决策。然而,ICU中的各项治疗措施常缺乏大规模随机对照试验(RCT)的证据;对于已经实施的RCT同样存在着概念方面的错误,尤其是很多被认为已经RCT验证过的措施实际上并无RCT的证据。尽管如此,但近年来我们终于在临床试验结果方面有了更多积极的进步,一些干预措施已被证明可改善患者的预后。     

健康投资与政府宏观卫生政策取向的经济学分析

在整体方面,经济学认为健康是劳动力与资本,是社会经济体系中最主要的生产要素;在个体方面,经济学认为健康是人力资本,是能提高消费者满足程度的耐久资本品。健康人力资本通过改善个体在劳动市场的表现,提高个人收入,并作为一种投资促进了经济增长。对我国健康投资的重点领域及政府职责作了相关政策建议。     

非法人体器官交易的刑事立法研究

借鉴他国立法经验,根据我国刑法典,把非法人体器官交易这种行为定性为一种犯罪,在刑法中增设非法人体器官交易罪(类罪名),以此预防、打击非法人体器官交易.     

医学本体论的当代转向——医学教育模式改革的前提性问题

医学本体论,是指“关于医学的”最根本的根据、本质和基础的理论,它是医学赖以存在的本质基础和逻辑根据。当代医学本体论的转向是从人体学本体论向人学本体论的转变。实现这一转变的主要途径在于医学教育模式的改革,而其前提性问题,则是建构人学本体论思想。