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971.
Kipnis K 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2007,28(5):393-412
There is a broadly held view that neonatologists are ethically obligated to act to override parental nontreatment decisions
for imperiled premature newborns when there is a reasonable chance of a good outcome. It is argued here that three types of
uncertainty undercut any such general obligation: (1) the vagueness of the boundary at which an infant’s deficits become so
intolerable that death could be reasonably preferred; (2) the uncertainty about whether aggressive treatment will result in
the survival of a reasonably healthy child or, alternatively, the survival of a child with intolerable deficits; and (3) the
inability to determine an acceptable ratio between the likelihoods of those two outcomes. It is argued that the broadly held
view accords insufficient weight to the fact that newborn intensive care increases the likelihood of harm to the child by
effecting survival with intolerable deficits. Though treatment may offer a reasonable chance of a good outcome, it is argued
that there are situations in which neonatologists should nonetheless defer to parental nontreatment decisions. 相似文献
972.
Aggressive behaviors can be divided into two categories: reactive and proactive. Reactive aggressive behaviors occur in response to a stimulus or provocation. Proactive aggressive behaviors occur without provocation and are goal directed. A number of findings have suggested that individuals displaying proactive aggression may be discerned from individuals not displaying proactive aggression on measures of personality, psychopathology and psychopathy as well as in aggressive histories and type and severity of aggressive behaviors committed. In this study, subjects were recruited from a large urban community and classified as proactive (n = 20), reactive-only (n = 20) or nonaggressive (n = 10) based on laboratory behavioral testing. Subjects were administered a battery of questionnaires and structured interviews pertaining to personality disorders and psychopathy. It was hypothesized that proactive aggressive subjects would show greater numbers of personality disorders and have greater psychopathy relative to reactive-only and nonaggressive subjects. These hypotheses were supported. These results suggest that proactive aggression may be identified in a laboratory-based task, and differences between proactive and reactive-only aggressors can be detected. 相似文献
973.
In this paper, I compare the extent of Anglo-American judicial engagement in response to civil disobedience with that of the French judiciary. I begin by examining what the civil disobedient can realistically expect to achieve in a court of law. I shall argue that his priority should be to require the judge, acting as a mouthpiece for the law, to respond to his complaints. To do this, the civil disobedient must be able to deny liability for the offence he has allegedly committed by urging a different interpretation of the law on the basis of an alternative -- but plausible -- reading of constitutional or human rights. If the civil disobedient can do this, he can claim a victory of sorts, even if his claims are ultimately unsuccessful. But legal culture can present a further barrier. Judges have different roles in different jurisdictions and therein lie further difficulties for the French civil disobedient. 相似文献
974.
Whelan R Barnes-Holmes D Dymond S 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2006,86(3):317-335
Across three experiments, the transformation of consequential functions in accordance with a seven-member relational network (A-B-C-D-E-F-G) was investigated. In this network, the relational rankings ranged from A, ranked the least, to G, ranked the most. In the first phase, contextual cues for more-than and less-than were established by training participants across multiple exemplars to select comparisons containing larger quantities in the presence of the former cue, and fewer quantities in the presence of the latter cue. Participants then were trained in six conditional discriminations (i.e., AD, F>E, and G>F) with the contextual cues as samples and nonsense words as comparisons, and all possible derived relations were tested (e.g., B相似文献
975.
本文通过对先秦儒学"性"、"命"概念之演化与发展的历史考察,指出:《易传》的性命之论与《中庸》、楚简、孟学相契,而与荀学不类;《易传》的创作年代是在荀子之前之思孟学派形成和兴盛时期,而不是在荀子之后。 相似文献
976.
Summary Whenever an adequate theory is found in science, we will still be left with two questions: why this theory rather than some other theory, and how should this theory be interpreted? I argue that these questions can be answered by a theory of system relations. The basic idea is that fundamental characteristics of systems, viz. those arising from the general systemic nature of those systems, cannot be comprehended with the aid of discipline-specific methods. The systems theory required should commence with an analysis of the qualitatively different relations possible between systems, because it is precisely the nature of those relations that determines the basic structures of systems. That the theory of the fundamental system relations and their ontological and epistemological implications is indeed able to provide the answers sought is demonstrated in theoretical physics and Plessner’s analysis of the basic structures of plant, animal and human being. 相似文献
977.
P.?J.?WatsonEmail author Scott?E.?Culhane 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2005,23(1):57-70
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is theoretically consistent with the postmodern social constructionist assumption
of a reciprocal causality between the individual and society. In a test of this claim, REBT irrationalities as measured by
the Irrational Belief Scale and by the Survey of Personal Beliefs were correlated with Attitudes toward Reality, Cynicism,
Beliefs in the Conventional Goodness of People, and Collective Self-Esteem. All measures of irrationality identified the postmodern
social constructionism recorded by the Attitudes toward Reality Scale as rational. Especially the Irrational Belief Scale
identified Cynicism and Beliefs in the Conventional Goodness of People as irrational and Collective Self-Esteem as rational.
The Survey of Personal Beliefs described Collective Self-Esteem as irrational and therefore suggested that the conceptual
framework of REBT can promote negative assessments of collectivistic forms of adjustment. Most importantly, however, these
data confirmed that REBT includes potentials that are compatible with postmodern social constructionism.
Address correspondence to P. J. Watson, Psychology/Department # 2803, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 350 Holt Hall-615
McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA; e-mail: paul-watson@utc.edu 相似文献
978.
Johannes?J.?F.?SchrootsEmail author Marian?H.?J.?Assink 《Journal of Adult Development》2005,12(4):183-198
This explorative content-analytic study completes earlier studies on the lifespan distributions of number and affect of past
and future life-events, collected by means of the Life-line Interview Method (LIM), for three age groups of men and women
(young, middle and late adulthood). LIM events were classified into 40 subcategories divided over 9 categories: Relations,
School, Work, Health, Growth, Home, Birth, Death and Other. Compression of the full data set by age group, gender, affect,
decade, and time perspective, disclosed various patterns of events underlying the human life-course, e.g., the 'bump,' 'rosy
view' and 'gender phase contrast' patterns. The compressed data set provided detailed material for the composition of three
written group portraits of life, reflecting the modal life story of young, middle-aged and older men and women. Patterns and
portraits show a content shift of past memories and future expectations over the lifespan, supporting a more dynamic view
on the human life-course. 相似文献
979.
呼唤人性的医学——对医学人性化和人文化回归的企盼 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
何裕民 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2002,23(9):12-14
当前 ,在医学领域尤其是临床医疗领域存在着严重的“人性淡漠”趋势 ,这一现象令人十分担忧 ,它不仅将严重阻碍医学自身的健康发展 ,而且会产生恶劣的社会影响。列举了当今医界带有普遍性的“人文精神贫乏症”的种种表现 ,在此基础上 ,深入剖析了这一现象背后的历史与现实、社会与个人的诸多原因。最后发出了“人性医学回归”的强烈呼唤 ,并提出了一些具体的且有现实意义的对策措施。 相似文献
980.
Zilgalvis P 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):277-281
Conflict of interest is an issue that has been put in the spotlight by the commercial application of the new biomedical technologies.
This paper presents the approach of the Council of Europe and the binding legal instruments to deal with this problem. The
main focus is on the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, and its draft additional Protocol on Biomedical Research.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002.
The views expressed are personal and do not necessarily reflect any official position of the Council of Europe. 相似文献