Shoulder Muscle Activity Dampens Arm Swing Motion When Altering Upper Limb Mass Characteristics During Locomotion

Weighting the arms during locomotion results in decreased swing motion and increased shoulder muscle activity. To determine the functional relevance of this activity, participants walked on a treadmill with the arms unweighted, or weighted unilaterally or bilaterally. Similar to past work, the weighted arms decreased in swing amplitude and increased their shoulder muscle activity. A close examination of shoulder muscle activities in specific regions of the arm swing cycle suggested these muscles primarily acted eccentrically for all weighting conditions. These findings suggest that the increased shoulder muscle activities when weighting the arms act to dampen the arms when the inertial characteristics of the arms are altered, as opposed to assisting in driving swing of the heavier arms.     

PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS AND BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS,PART I: HUMAN COOPERATIVITY,COMPETITION, AND AGGRESSION

This Part II of a two-part article illustrates how research in evolutionary biology, anthropology, archeology, and psychology illuminates questions arising in philosophy—specifically questions about René Girard's theory of aggression. Part I looked at: (i) how old the systemic practice of severe aggression is; (ii) how much of it results from humanity's mimetic/social and competitive nature and how much from ecological, resource, and cultural conditions; and (iii) if ecological, resource, and cultural conditions are important, might we adapt this information toward greater cooperativity today? Part II investigates Girard's theory of ritual sacrifice—especially human sacrifice—as a societal steam valve for the systemic aggression explored in Part I. It draws on theories of play, theater, and art to examine the role and function of such ritual sacrifice.     

Rethinking the Comparative Study of Religious Ethics

This essay describes the author's change of approach to the comparative study of religious ethics from the one contained in a book on the subject (with Sumner B. Twiss), published in 1978. The change resulted from interactions with Abdulaziz Sachedina, the noted scholar of Islam, demonstrating the importance of comparing different ethical systems in reference to global topics like human rights, particularly the right to freedom of conscience.     

塑形文化与颌面外科——社会身份认同的基础外形需求

100多年来,明星文化（电影带来的影述文化）,精神分析学说和整形外科三大现象相互作用,形成了塑形文化,在个人与社会之间的身份认同中,不断提高着个人的呈现价值,处于世界文化发展的核心位置。在塑形文化中,整形外科直接影响着人的形象,其中,颌面整形外科占据着整形外科最重要的位置。其中的硬组织整形,即正颌外科,为人进行正常的面部骨骼塑形和重建,是建立面部美容的基础,也是个人社会身份认同的外形基础。     

论医疗鉴定制度的完善

医疗鉴定是医疗纠纷处理的核心,当医患双方认可医疗鉴定的公正性、医疗鉴定程序的透明化时,我国的医疗鉴定制度才真正趋于完善。通过医疗事故技术鉴定和医疗损害司法鉴定的对比,提出医疗鉴定机构的设置、鉴定人员的选取、确保鉴定结论的公正等一系列制度。     

Multilevel Selection Theory and Major Evolutionary Transitions: Implications for Psychological Science

ABSTRACT— The concept of a group as comparable to a single organism has had a long and turbulent history. Currently, methodological individualism dominates in many areas of psychology and evolution, but natural selection is now known to operate at multiple levels of the biological hierarchy. When between-group selection dominates within-group selection, a major evolutionary transition occurs and the group becomes a new, higher-level organism. It is likely that human evolution represents a major transition, and this has wide-ranging implications for the psychological study of group behavior, cognition, and culture.     

医鉴病案护理缺陷分析及防范措施

通过对太原市医学会2002年～2007年进行医疗事故技术鉴定的224例病案中存在护理缺陷的58例病案进行分析,了解护理缺陷发生的分布和原因,提出了一套提高护理人员护理缺陷防范意识和防范能力的训练方案,经临床初步使用认为切实可行。在此与护理同行进行交流,为进一步提高护理工作的安全性和正确维护护理人员的法律权益献计献策。     

Context Effects on Musical Chord Categorization: Different Forms of Top‐Down Feedback in Speech and Music?

A critical issue in perception is the manner in which top-down expectancies guide lower level perceptual processes. In speech, a common paradigm is to construct continua ranging between two phonetic endpoints and to determine how higher level lexical context influences the perceived boundary. We applied this approach to music, presenting participants with major/minor triad continua after brief musical contexts. Two experiments yielded results that differed from classic results in speech perception. In speech, context generally expands the category of the expected stimuli. We found the opposite in music: The major/minor boundary shifted toward the expected category, contracting it. Together, these experiments support the hypothesis that musical expectancy can feed back to affect lower-level perceptual processes. However, it may do so in a way that differs fundamentally from what has been seen in other domains.     

THE CENTRALITY OF INCARNATION

What we urgently need at the beginning of the twenty‐first century is a christological vision that can shape and inform a new and powerful way of helping humankind to interpret their place within the universe. A christological vision that is unintelligible and uninteresting can have a profoundly deleterious soteriological implication: the orbit of God's saving grace will not be wide enough to encompass the universal place of humankind. Arthur Peacocke's move is clear and to the point: Only when the foundations and universal scope of God's grace are fully established for all of creation, only then can the importance of God's specific work in Jesus the Christ be established.