学前儿童的现实性监测:即时和延时测验

考察了4至5岁儿童的现实性监测在延时0天、3天和7天条件下的成绩。结果发现:对真实动作的源混淆更多地发生在延时3-7天,而对想象动作的源混淆更多地发生在0-3天,且对想象动作的现实性监测比对真实动作的现实性监测更早达到随机水平。这表明事件在现实性监测的时间效应中存在不同的特点。     

员工工作压力感问卷的初步编制

通过访谈和文献阅读,编制中国员工工作压力感问卷,为企业提供简便的了解员工压力的工具。在两家企业中的293名员工中进行问卷调查,同时要求被试完成工作压力调查问卷、职业紧张量表和自我效能测验。结果表明,有16个项目符合测量学要求;问卷的内部一致性信度α系数为0.8260;问卷有较好的效标关联效度,员工工作压力感得分与工作压力调查问卷和职业紧张量表得分呈显著正相关,与自我效能分数呈显著负相关;探索性因素分析显示问卷包含三个主要因子。     

想象对大学生内隐刻板印象的影响研究

通过对大学生在三种想象条件下性别-职业刻板印象的IAT的结果的对比进行实验。研究表明:反刻板印象想象策略的干预效果明显,刻板印象的内隐效应在明显地减弱;即使是大学生,在性别-职业刻板印象上也存在内隐效应,而且没有性别差异;内隐刻板印象具有一定的适应性,在内隐的和无意识的水平上反刻板印象想象无法完全消除刻板印象。     

关于评价中心若干问题的探讨

本文对评价中心的定义、评价中心与心理测验的比较、评价中心的预测效度以及影响评价中心成功实施的原因等问题,进行了综合分析和初步探讨,从而帮助人们能够正确地认识评价中心,有效地使用评价中心;同时,也为人们对评价中心的研究和改革,提供了理论和实践方面的依据。     

Examination of the Japanese version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale among Adults Using Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory1, 2

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has impaired every aspect of life, especially causing much psychological damage—for instance, increasing the risk of suicide. Intense fear and anxiety are considered to play a central role in mental health problems. This study examined the psychological properties of the Japanese version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) using classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). Five hundred fifty participants aged 18–69 years and from across Japan completed questionnaires, including the Japanese FCV-19S, the Japanese Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-15 (DASS-15), and the Japanese version of the Kessler 6 (K6). CTT showed that each item of the Japanese FCV-19S had no ceiling and floor effect and was close to the normal distribution, and IRT revealed that each item had an appropriate parameter of discrimination and difficulty. Finally, the Japanese FCV-19S was shown to have an acceptable reliability and moderate good concurrent validity. Consequently, the Japanese FCV-19S has robust psychometric properties and can be useful for early detection of adults impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.     

The probability of causal conditionals

Conditionals in natural language are central to reasoning and decision making. A theoretical proposal called the Ramsey test implies the conditional probability hypothesis: that the subjective probability of a natural language conditional, P(if p then q), is the conditional subjective probability, P(q/p). We report three experiments on causal indicative conditionals and related counterfactuals that support this hypothesis. We measured the probabilities people assigned to truth table cases, P(pq), P(p notq), P( notpq) and P( notp notq). From these ratings, we computed three independent predictors, P(p), P(q/p) and P(q/ notp), that we then entered into a regression equation with judged P(if p then q) as the dependent variable. In line with the conditional probability hypothesis, P(q/p) was by far the strongest predictor in our experiments. This result is inconsistent with the claim that causal conditionals are the material conditionals of elementary logic. Instead, it supports the Ramsey test hypothesis, implying that common processes underlie the use of conditionals in reasoning and judgments of conditional probability in decision making.     

平板运动试验结合颈动脉斑块检测诊断冠心病

探讨平板运动试验(TET)结合颈动脉斑块检测在诊断冠心病的临床意义。对166例疑诊冠心病患者进行冠状动脉造影(CAG),TET,颈动脉斑块检查,以CAG的诊断结果为金标准,分析TET,颈动脉斑块检查,TET结合颈动脉斑块检查诊断冠心病的敏感度、特异度。比较三者诊断冠心病的敏感度、特异度。三者敏感度分别为71.4%、64.3%、96.0%。特异度分别为65%、60.0%、82.4%。后者较前两者敏感度、特异度P<0.05。TET结合颈动脉斑块检查可显著提高冠心病的诊断率,不失为CAG前的筛选方法。     

A derived transfer of functions and the implicit association test

Participants were trained in a series of interrelated conditional discriminations that aimed to establish four 4-member equivalence classes (i.e., A1-B1-C1-D1, A2-B2-C2-D2, A3-B3-C3-D3, A4-B4-C4-D4). During this training, the four A stimuli (i.e., A1, A2, A3, and A4) were compounded with pictures containing positive or negative evaluative functions (A1/A2 negative & A3/A4 positive). The transfer of evaluative functions to directly and indirectly related members of the equivalence classes (i.e., B, C, and D stimuli) was measured using an Implicit Association Test (IAT). During consistent test blocks, participants were required to press the same response key for target words that were related to those A stimuli that possessed similar evaluative functions (A1/A2-left key & A3/A4-right key). During inconsistent test blocks, target words that were related to those A stimuli with different evaluative functions were assigned to the same response key (A1/A4-left key & A2/A3-right key). Results showed that all 8 participants, who passed a matching-to-sample equivalence test following the IAT, responded more rapidly on consistent relative to inconsistent test blocks. This typical IAT effect was not observed for those participants who did not pass the equivalence test. The results suggest that the IAT effect may arise from formally untested derived relations, and supports the argument that such relations could provide a valid behavioral model of semantic categories in natural language.     

Equality of opportunity and complex equality: The special place of schooling

This paper is an engagement with Equality by John Baker, Kathleen Lynch, Judy Walsh and Sara Cantillon. It identifies a dilemma for educational egalitarians, which arises within their theory of equality, arguing that sometimes there may be a conflict between advancing equality of opportunity and providing equality of respect and recognition, and equality of love care and solidarity. It argues that the latter values may have more weight in deciding what to do than traditional educational egalitarians have usually thought.     

“Der Weisheits letzter Schluss”? Wisdom’s Last Conclusion?

Unexpected empirical findings lead Schwarz (2009) to question current methodological approaches within psychology. He claims that distribution anomalies, which cannot be explained by independent variables, actually prove an error in classical test theory, which then leads him to criticize current scientific conventionalism. In this commentary, it is shown that the current university system not only uses, but often reproduces conventionalism. It is, of course, necessary to teach certain techniques and tools to future psychologists, but using these critically seem to be essential in preventing scientific approaches turn into ideologies that are or must not be questioned—even if this is sometimes less threatening to one’s identity as a scientist/psychologist. This is true for all sciences, but understanding the bio-psycho-social interdependencies of human nature (ambiguities), as Schwarz describes it, seems to be a particular challenge that is in many ways different from other disciplines. Instead of striving to be like them, it is suggested we establish an ambiguity-accepting and critical environment in psychology in which theories and approaches are not considered final but temporary to foster change and progress.