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排序方式: 共有116条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
数值加工的机制是数量认知领域的核心科学问题之一。三数值加工系统假说从新的角度阐释了各种数值加工机制的关系, 它认为认知系统通过三种不同的机制来快速分析非符号刺激的数值:感数(subitizing)机制精确地分析1~4个刺激的数值; 数量(numerosity)机制分析密度适中的刺激点阵的数量, 加工误差正比于被分析的数量, 符合韦伯定律; 当刺激的密度超出一定范围时, 密度(density)机制通过分析刺激密度来推断刺激的数量关系, 加工误差正比于被加工数值的平方根。一系列研究证实, 这三种数值加工机制具有不同的行为规律和脑电特征。未来研究需要探讨数量机制是否分别与感数机制、密度机制存在平行激活, 从而阐明三种数值加工机制的作用关系。 相似文献
92.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(2):226-238
According to activation-based models of spoken-word recognition, words with many and high-frequency phonological neighbours are processed more slowly than words with few and low-frequency phonological neighbours. Although considerable empirical support for inhibitory neighbourhood density effects has accumulated, especially in English, little or nothing is known about the effects of neighbourhood frequency and its interaction with neighbourhood density. In this study we examine both effects first separately and then simultaneously in French lexical decision experiments. As in English, we found that words in dense neighbourhoods are recognized more slowly than words in sparse neighbourhoods. Moreover, we showed that words with higher frequency neighbours are processed more slowly than words with no higher frequency neighbours, but only for words occurring in sparse neighbourhoods. Implications of these results for spoken-word recognition models are discussed. 相似文献
93.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(7):1290-1304
It is well known that certain variables can bias judgements about the perceived contingency between an action and an outcome, making them depart from the normative predictions. For instance, previous studies have proven that the activity level or probability of responding, P(R), is a crucial variable that can affect these judgements in objectively noncontingent situations. A possible account for the P(R) effect is based on the differential exposure to actual contingencies during the training phase, which is in turn presumably produced by individual differences in participants' P(R). The current two experiments replicate the P(R) effect in a free-response paradigm, and show that participants' judgements are better predicted by P(R) than by the actual contingency to which they expose themselves. Besides, both experiments converge with previous empirical data, showing a persistent bias that does not vanish as training proceeds. These findings contrast with the preasymptotic and transitory effect predicted by several theoretical models. 相似文献
94.
Amanda Leigh Roy Diane Hughes Hirokazu Yoshikawa 《American journal of community psychology》2013,51(3-4):468-479
Although past research has demonstrated a “health disadvantage” for Puerto Rican adults, very little is known about correlates of health among this group. Given Puerto Ricans’ unique experiences of migration and settlement, an ethnic enclave framework that integrates nativity, ethnic density, and neighborhood SES may offer insight into factors influencing Puerto Ricans’ health. This study uses a sample of 449 adult mainland- and island-born Puerto Ricans living in New York City and Chicago. The data, collected as a part of the MIDUS Survey of Minority Groups, are stratified by neighborhood ethnic density and neighborhood SES, allowing for the examination of the individual and joint influences of neighborhood characteristics on physical health. Results revealed that ethnic density and neighborhood SES were not independently or interactively related to physical health for mainland-born Puerto Ricans. However, the interaction between ethnic density and neighborhood SES was related to self-reported health, functional limitations, and health symptoms for island-born Puerto Ricans. Island-born Puerto Ricans living in ethnically dense, low SES neighborhoods reported worse health than island-born Puerto Ricans living in other types of neighborhoods. This may be a result of isolation from resources both within and outside the neighborhood. 相似文献
95.
All current models of spoken word recognition propose that sound-based representations of spoken words compete with, or inhibit, one another during recognition. In addition, certain models propose that higher probability sublexical units facilitate recognition under certain circumstances. Two experiments were conducted examining ERPs to spoken words and nonwords simultaneously varying in phonotactic probability and neighborhood density. Results showed that the amplitude of the P2 potential was greater for high probability-density words and nonwords, suggesting an early inhibitory effect of neighborhood density. In order to closely examine the role of phonotactic probability, effects of initial phoneme frequency were also examined. The latency of the P2 potential was shorter for words with high initial-consonant probability, suggesting a facilitative effect of phonotactic probability. The current results are consistent with findings from previous studies using reaction time and eye-tracking paradigms and provide new insights into the time-course of lexical and sublexical activation and competition. 相似文献
96.
Chris G. Sibley John Duckitt Robin Bergh Danny Osborne Ryan Perry Frank Asbrock Andrew Robertson Gavin Armstrong Marc Stewart Wilson Fiona Kate Barlow 《Political psychology》2013,34(4):553-572
This research took a person × situation approach to predicting prejudice by looking at how social worldviews interact with real‐world environmental factors to predict how people respond to immigrants within their local area. Taking a Dual Process Motivational approach, we hypothesized that a higher proportion of immigrants in the local community would be associated with negative attitudes toward immigration for respondents high in dangerous world beliefs. Conversely, we hypothesized that living in a highly affluent (as opposed to socioeconomically deprived) community would be associated with negative attitudes toward immigration for respondents high in competitive world beliefs. Both hypotheses were supported using regional information derived from national census data combined with representative survey data from a large telephone sample conducted in New Zealand (N = 6,489). These findings support the proposition that individual differences interact with specific features of the environment to predict people's levels of prejudice in distinct ways. 相似文献
97.
S.M. Ennaceur 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(11):502-510
ABSTRACTWe present here the first direct measurement of the radiation-damage-induced energy stored in δ-phase plutonium. The primary mode of radioactive decay of 239Pu occurs with a time constant of τ=1.1?×?1012?s. Each decay imparts about 85?keV of recoil energy to the uranium byproduct, 5.2?Mev to the alpha particle, and a spectrum of mostly low energy gamma rays with the most probable at 51?keV [1]. Most of the decay energy is converted immediately to heat, releasing about 1.9?mW/g. However, some thermally-recoverable energy remains trapped. Reported here are measurements of that stored energy using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) applied to 239Pu-2.0 at.%Ga δ-phase alloy. Retained energy of ~2 J/g saturates at about 5 months and is unchanged after 30 years. The magnitude of the stored energy agrees with a short-bond defect model that that we present here. This model treats radiation damage as a Pu impurity with shortened bond lengths. It explains the change in known properties with age and predicts that density increases with age, contrary to current thinking. The short-bond impurities proposed are expected to act like other impurities, affecting strength, phase transitions, grain boundaries and other metallurgical properties. 相似文献
98.
Fole A González-Martín C Huarte C Alguacil LF Ambrosio E Del Olmo N 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2011,95(4):491-497
Lewis and Fischer-344 rats have been proposed as an addiction model because of their differences in addiction behaviour. It has been suggested that drug addiction is related to learning and memory processes and depends on individual genetic background. We have evaluated learning performance using the eight-arm radial maze (RAM) in Lewis and Fischer-344 adult rats undergoing a chronic treatment with cocaine. In order to study whether morphological alterations were involved in the possible changes in learning after chronic cocaine treatment, we counted the spine density in hippocampal CA1 neurons from animals after the RAM protocol. Our results showed that Fischer-344 rats significantly took more time to carry out test acquisition and made a greater number of errors than Lewis animals. Nevertheless, cocaine treatment did not induce changes in learning and memory processes in both strains of rats. These facts indicate that there are genetic differences in spatial learning and memory that are not modified by the chronic treatment with cocaine. Moreover, hippocampal spine density is cocaine-modulated in both strains of rats. In conclusion, cocaine induces similar changes in hippocampal neurons morphology that are not related to genetic differences in spatial learning in the RAM protocol used here. 相似文献
99.
100.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method for fitting item response theory models with the latent population
distribution estimated from the data using splines. A spline-based density estimation system provides a flexible alternative
to existing procedures that use a normal distribution, or a different functional form, for the population distribution. A
simulation study shows that the new procedure is feasible in practice, and that when the latent distribution is not well approximated
as normal, two-parameter logistic (2PL) item parameter estimates and expected a posteriori scores (EAPs) can be improved over
what they would be with the normal model. An example with real data compares the new method and the extant empirical histogram
approach. 相似文献