Inflected words in production: Evidence for a morphologically rich lexicon

Current evidence suggests that there is a difference between the representations of multimorphemic words in production and perception. In perception, it is widely believed that both whole-word and root representations exist, while in production there is little evidence for whole-word representations. The present investigation demonstrates that whole-word and root frequency independently predict the duration of words suffixed with –ing, –ed, and –s, which reveals that both root and word representations play a role in the production of inflected English words. In a second line of analysis, we find that the number of inflected phonological neighbours independently predicts the duration of monomorphemic words, which extends these results and suggests that whole-word representations exist at the lexical level. Together these results suggest that both root and word representations of inflected words are stored in the lexicon and are relevant for the production of both monomorphemic and multimorphemic words.     

Slit2与MVD及食管癌生物学行为关系的研究

研究食管鳞状细胞癌组织中神经迁移蛋白Slit2的表达及其与微血管密度的关系,并探讨两者与食管鳞癌临床病理特征的关系。采用免疫组化SP法检测64例癌组织和36例癌旁组织中Slit2蛋白的表达水平及CD34标记的微血管密度（microvessel density,MVD）。Slit2蛋白在食管鳞状细胞癌和癌旁组织中的表达阳性率分别为70．3％和16．7％。两者的表达差异有统计学意义（χ^2=26．53,P〈0．01）;食道鳞状细胞癌和癌旁组织中MVD计数分别为（44．07±17．44）／mm^2,（25．26±7．91）／mm^2,两者存在显著性差异（r=7．383,P〈0．01）;Slit2表达阳性的肿瘤组织MVD明显大于Slit2阴性表达的肿瘤组织[（49．30±15．78）／mm^2对（34．44±17．06）／mm^2,P〈0．05）],Slit2蛋白的表达水平与肿瘤大小、TNM分期和淋巴结转移显著相关;MVD计数与浸润深度、TNM分期和淋巴结转移显著相关。肿瘤组织中Slit2蛋白的表达与MVD计数呈正相关（r=0．683,P〈0．01）。结论认为食管鳞状细胞癌组织中Slit2蛋白表达和MVD计数与其生物学行为密切相关,是通过Slit2基因介导肿瘤新生血管的形成实现的,Slit2是调节食管癌血管生成的重要因子。     

言语产生的同音词表征：模型争论与再思

言语产生和言语理解都涉及同音词在通达过程的表征。言语产生研究中,Levelt和Caramazza分别从通达的两阶段分离激活和独立网络模型推出了同音词的分享和独立表征模型,并用语言实验的频率效应和病人的语音治疗效应给予检验。本文评述了研究的新进展,探讨了同音词表征模型的分歧,认为同音词词汇表征与语言差异、加工范式、知觉通道等有关。从言语理解（言语知觉和词汇再认）的研究表明,这两种表征模型可能难以概括同音词尤其是汉语同音词的表征。本文根据言语理解研究的新近发现建议了一些可能的表征模型。     

Social overstimulation reduces subsequent aggression in Betta splendens

This paper examines the waning of intense aggressive behaviors in Siamese fighting fish subjected to continuous visual social stimulation. Damaging biting during subsequent fighting was dramatically reduced in fish which had been surrounded for several weeks by conspecifics, even though the overstimulated fish performed only opercular and fin displays to the fish surrounding them, not biting. The latency to opercular display was diminished, but the rate once opercular display began was not significantly different. In the 18 encounters observed, a socially overstimulated fish never dominated a control fish. This result suggests a visually mediated mechanism, which reduces biting tendency when there is prolonged, inescapable visual exposure to mildly aggression-releasing stimuli similar to those which trigger biting in live encounters. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Level of service of pedestrian facilities: Modelling human comfort perception in the evaluation of pedestrian behaviour patterns

The paper presents a new methodology for evaluating the quality of operation of pedestrian facilities: the methodology is based on the individual level of comfort perceived by each pedestrian that moves in the area.At each time instant, each pedestrian perceives a comfort level which is a function of the space they feel currently available and of his required space. The required space depends on the subject’s walking direction as well as on physical and psychological factors. The available space depends on the current positions of pedestrians. The proposed methodology quantifies the current discomfort due to pedestrian interactions as a continuous function of the interpersonal distances.The proposed methodology has been applied to empirical data. The experimental data are presented, discussed and compared with widely accepted level of service assessment methods.     

USING FIXED‐TIME SCHEDULES TO MAINTAIN BEHAVIOR: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of fixed‐time (FT) schedules to maintain behavior. Two children who had been diagnosed with autism were taught a functional task. Subsequently, three different FT schedules (i.e., yoked, thin, dense) were compared to determine their capacity to maintain task responding. Results suggested that FT schedules may be used to maintain previously acquired behavior.     

ADOLF GRÜNBAUM ON THE STEADY‐STATE THEORY AND CREATIO CONTINUA OF MATTER OUT OF NOTHING

Abstract The ideas of creatio ex nihilo of the universe and creatio continua of new matter out of nothing entered the arena of natural science with the advent of the Big Bang and the steady‐state theories in the mid‐twentieth century. Adolf Grünbaum has tried to interpret the steady‐state theory in such a way, to show that the continuous formation of new matter out of nothing in this theory can be explained purely physically. In this paper, however, it will be shown that Grünbaum's interpretation encounters at least three problems: not distinguishing between material and efficient causes, inconsistency, and misconceiving the law of density conservation.     

Resistance to disruption in a classroom setting

Substantial experimental evidence indicates that behavior reinforced on a denser schedule is more resistant to disruption than is behavior reinforced on a thinner schedule. The present experiment studied resistance to disruption in a natural educational environment. Responding during familiar activities was reinforced on a multiple variable-interval (VI) 7-s VI 30-s schedule for 6 participants with developmental disabilities. Resistance to disruption was measured by presenting a distracting item. Response rates in the disruption components were compared to within-session response rates in prior baseline components. Results were consistent with the predictions of behavioral momentum theory for 5 of 6 participants.     

Effects of kin density within family-owned businesses

We examined how kin density within family-owned firms related to perceptions of nepotism and organizational justice; we also examined the moderating role of family membership in these relationships. In a sample of 79 family employees and 299 non-family employees in 21 family-owned businesses, both kin density and family membership were found to be related to nepotism perceptions. Additionally, family membership moderated the relationships of kin density to nepotism and justice perceptions, as well as the relationship between nepotism and justice perceptions. Finally, nepotism perceptions provided a partial mediating link between kin density and organizational justice perceptions. These results suggest that kin density and family membership are important variables to consider in understanding the experiences and attitudes of employees in family-owned businesses.