睡眠过程中信息加工的ERP研究进展

本文综述了事件相关电位(ERP)外源性成分———N1、MMN、N550和内源性成分———P3、N300、N400在睡眠过程中的特点,以及论述了各成分在睡眠信息加工中的作用。     

生活事件对民族院校大学生心理的影响——以某高校搬迁校区为例

通过访谈法和问卷法调查了生活事件对民族院校大学生心理的影响。研究结论如下:(1)生活事件(校区搬迁)对民族院校大学生一般焦虑心理的产生有重要的影响。(2)民族院校大学生的现实性焦虑和轻度焦虑之间差异显著;焦虑心理得分在性别、年级、专业之间呈现显著差异,而在民族、家庭所在地之间差异不显著。(3)民族院校大学生在心理适应性方面普遍在中等水平以上,而且差异不显著;心理适应性得分在性别、年级、民族、家庭所在地和专业之间差异是不显著的。(4)民族院校大学生焦虑心理和心理适应性具有负相关,且这一相关极为显著。     

Trait BIS predicts alpha asymmetry and P300 in a Go/No‐Go task

Inspired by the revised Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) theory the present study probed the association between individual differences in Trait BIS and electroencephalogram indicators of conflict processing/inhibition. Sixty‐nine male participants either high or low in Trait BIS completed a Go/No‐Go task while the electroencephalogram was recorded. As expected, Trait BIS was associated with the No‐Go‐anteriorisation of the P300 event‐related potential (i.e. an index of response inhibition presumably generated in the dorsal anterior cingulate—an area implicated in conflict processing) and with No‐ Go‐related changes towards left frontal alpha activity (i.e. presumably more activity in right prefrontal cortex—an area implicated in response inhibition). These findings support the role of conflict processing attributed to BIS functioning in the revised theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using Ordinal Data to Estimate Cardinal Values

We investigate methods developed in multiple criteria decision‐making that use ordinal information to estimate numerical values. Such methods can be used to estimate attribute weights, attribute values, or event probabilities given ranks or partial ranks. We first review related studies and then develop a generalized rank‐sum (GRS) approach in which we provide a derivation of the rank‐sum approach that had been previously proposed. The GRS approach allows for incorporating the concept of degree of importance (or, difference in likelihood with respect to probabilities and difference in value for attribute values), information that most other rank‐based formulas do not utilize. We then present simulation results comparing the GRS method with other rank‐based formulas such as the rank order centroid method and comparing the GRS methods using as many as three levels of importance (i.e., GRS‐3) with Simos' procedure (which can also incorporate degree of importance). To our surprise, our results show that the incorporation of additional information (i.e., the degree of the importance), both GRS‐3 and Simos' procedure, did not result in better performance than rank order centroid or GRS. Further research is needed to investigate the modelling of such extra information. We also explore the scenario when a decision‐maker has indifference judgments and cannot provide a complete rank order. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人格特征对胃癌发病的影响

使用Ｃ型行为特征问卷、生活事件量表和ＲＢＣ－Ｃ_（３ｂ）Ｒ、ＲＢＣ－ＩＣ、ＲＣＩＡ、ＣＩＣ和Ｃ_３等免疫功能的检测,调查和检测了３０名胃癌患者和５０名健康者。结果表明：（１）胃癌组比健康组在焦虑、抑郁、愤怒内泄、控制等方面得分高,在愤怒外泄、乐观、社会支持等方面得分低;（２）胃癌患者在确诊前８年内有７６％的患者遇到生活事件,在确诊前３年内有６２％的患者遇到生活事件;（３）胃癌组ＲＢＣ－Ｃ_（３ｂ）Ｒ含量低,ＲＣＩＡ含量和ＣＩＣ水平上升。初步结论：胃癌的发生与患者的一些行为特点有关,主要是抑郁并不表达愤怒;生活事件可作为应激源诱发胃癌;其机制可能与免疫功能有关。     

Neurophysiological characteristics of acts of remembering in the process of positive ageing / Características neurofisiológicas de los actos de recuerdo en el proceso de envejecimiento positivo

Abstract

‘Acts of remembering’ refer to the conscious cognitive process that facilitates recognition of socioculturally relevant events. This study presents an analysis of the differences and similarities between the morphological characteristics and architecture of Event-Related Potentials associated with the visual recognition of cultural events, by comparing a group of older adults (n = 15) with a group of young adults (n = 17). The results show similar modulations in the N1, P2, P300 and N400 components while a differential modulation appears in N200, a component that has been associated with attentional processes. Two ways of interpreting the results are put forward: one suggests that with age come greater difficulties for cognitive processing and the other suggests that older adults have a particular interest in this type of material.     

Finding the good in the bad: age and event experience relate to the focus on positive aspects of a negative event

All lives contain negative events, but how we think about these events differs across individuals; negative events often include positive details that can be remembered alongside the negative, and the ability to maintain both representations may be beneficial. In a survey examining emotional responses to the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, the current study investigated how this ability shifts as a function of age and individual differences in initial experience of the event. Specifically, this study examined how emotional importance (i.e. self-reported emotional arousal and personal significance), involvement (i.e. self and friend/family involvement in the 2013 Boston Marathon and self-involvement in prior marathons), and self-reported surprise upon hearing about the event related to the tendency to report focusing on the negative and positive aspects of the bombings. Structural equation models revealed that while greater emotional importance and surprise were associated with a greater focus on negative elements, involvement and age were associated with increased consideration of positive aspects. Further, emotional importance was more strongly related to an increased focus on negative aspects for young adults and an increased focus on positive aspects for older adults, highlighting a tendency for older adults to enhance positive features of an otherwise highly negative event.     

“Pain is forgotten where gain follows:” The masking effect of positive outcomes on emotional suffering

Previous research has shown that people tend to overstate or understate their past feelings in memory when asked to recall their past emotional experiences. Drawing from cognitive reappraisal theory and mood congruence theory, we presented an integrative explanation that the type of outcome of stressful events influences the magnitude and direction of bias in emotional memory. The results of two studies showed that individuals who succeeded in a postgraduate recruitment interview or a job interview tended to overstate positive emotions and understate negative emotions. In contrast, individuals who failed in an interview understated positive emotions and overstated negative emotions. This phenomenon can be named “pain is forgotten where gain follows.” These results shed light on the controversy between mood congruent theory and the appraisal model as well as application values in intervention research on emotional biases.