Alcohol,head injury,and neuropsychological function

Evidence is reviewed indicating that the extent of alcohol abuse alone cannot account for the neuropsychological deficits observed in alcoholics, and that alcohol abuse and head injury may interact in some patients to influence neuropsychological status. Alcohol abuse both increases the risk for head trauma and potentiates the resulting brain injury, which can lead to negative neuropsychological consequences. Clinicians involved in the treatment of addiction should assess patients for history of head injury, and neuropsychological deficits consequent to both head injury and ethanol. These deficits may limit patient ability to comply with addiction rehabilitation programs. Conversely, clinicians in acute care and rehabilitation of the sequelae of head trauma should routinely assess their patients for substance abuse, because such abuse can have a significant impact on recovery from brain injury.     

Noncontingent reinforcement as treatment for food refusal and associated self-injury

We examined the use of noncontingent reinforcement to decrease self-injury and increase bite acceptance in a child who exhibited food refusal. First, a brief functional analysis suggested that self-injury was maintained by escape from food presentation. Next, we evaluated an intervention that involved noncontingent access to a video during feeding sessions. Results of the intervention showed a decrease in self-injury and an increase in bite acceptance.     

Fear of Physical Harm: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Injury/Illness Sensitivity Index

Three fundamental fears—anxiety sensitivity, fear of negative evaluation, and injury/illness sensitivity—are believed integral components of anxiety-related psychopathologies. S. Taylor (1993) performed a cumulative factor analysis on measures of these and found them factorially distinct. Subsequently, separate factor analyses have been performed on measures of anxiety sensitivity and fear of negative evaluation. No such analysis exists for the Injury/Illness Sensitivity Index (ISI; S. Taylor, 1993). The ISI, an 11-item self-report questionnaire intended to measure fear of illness and injury, has the potential to inform the understanding of mechanisms underlying anxiety-associated chronic health conditions. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the factor structure and psychometric properties of the ISI. A principal components analysis with oblique rotation, conducted on data from 122 participants, suggests the ISI comprises two distinct lower order factors—Fear of Illness and Fear of Injury—that load onto a higher order factor of Fear of Physical Harm.     

Broad-Perspective Perceptual Disorder of the Right Hemisphere

Traditional accounts of right-posterior brain injury describe a syndrome of low-level perceptual sequelae producing marked acute dependency and transient safety concerns. The syndrome is also held to spare cognition and to carry a generally favorable long-term prognosis. The present paper reviews publications and anecdotal data that challenge this picture. Recent theoretical expositions and empirical studies stipulate three major cognitive functions of the right posterior association cortex: processing novel input, guiding reactions to emergencies, and anticipating consequences. Appearing benign after acute recovery, the impairment of these processes produces vocational, social and marital dysfunctions that increase as a function of chronicity, ultimately becoming more broadly disabling than focal injuries in other cortical loci. The unique symptom picture and serious implications suggest that the long-term syndrome should be labeled (Broad-Perspective Perceptual Disorder) and incorporated in future clinical taxonomies, underscoring the need for extraordinary long-term assistance and specialized therapeutics. Procedures for assessment and differential diagnosis are outlined.     

Depression After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Current Research

Research pertaining to the occurrence of depression and/or depression symptomatology after a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) was reviewed. We found that methodological differences such as the criteria used to assess MTBI and depression, time that elapsed since brain injury, and control group variations confounded comparisons across studies. Nevertheless, the studies are consistent with at least a 35% prevalence of, and left frontal damage with depression after MTBI, an overlap of symptoms of depression and Postconcussion Syndrome (PCS), and indicate that depression can continue for many years following the injury. Our conclusion is that MTBI is the triggering event for a set of pathophysiological changes and a concomitant depressive episode in a vulnerable subset of the population. Due to a paucity of research, it cannot be definitively concluded that the underlying substrates of depression seen after MTBI and clinical depression are the same. Implications for future investigations are discussed.     

超声诊断肝癌认识的扩展与深化

超声显像诊断肝癌经历了简单描述其回声特点、这些声学特征瑟病理的联系,阐述肝癌血供到从恶性肿瘤侵袭性的角度来理解肝癌原发和继发性超声征象等的认识层次不断深化扩展的过程。     

脑外伤后患者的认知障碍

本文对83例脑外伤患者在智力、记忆、信息处理速度及语言流畅性等方面进行了研究.结果表明:脑外伤损害了患者的高级皮质功能,使其在相当长的时期内,仍遗留有智力、记忆、注意、信息处理速度及语言流畅性等方面的障碍,只是轻、重程度不等而已。从中我们选出相对比较灵敏的测验,做为今后研究脑外伤病人心理功能障碍的方法,并拟定出脑外伤病人心理功能的评定指标。     

司法鉴定的眼外伤眼眶爆裂性骨折的临床决策

研究分析涉及司法鉴定的眼部钝力伤致眼眶爆裂性骨折临床决策的特殊性,依据医学原理,做出有益于伤者康复及纠纷解决的决策.选取眼眶爆裂性骨折49例(49眼).其中内侧壁骨折30例,下壁骨折19例.致伤原因:斗殴25例,交通肇事17例,运动伤5例,自己意外伤2例.30例2周内接受手术治疗,眼球运动不受限,眼位满意,功能位无复视,2例特定方位复视,3个月后消失.19例拒不接受手术治疗,3个月后眼球不同程度内陷,16例功能位复视,眼球转动疼痛.眼眶骨折早期手术治疗预后佳,后患少,对受伤者及肇事者均有益.     

Mixed-sided individuals with neuroticism sustain more unintentional injuries in India

Previous research has shown a positive association between unintentional injury liability and non‐right‐handedness (especially mixed‐handedness). Research has also shown neuroticism to be one of the main predictors of unintentional injuries. In the present study we investigated the relationship of the three variables—frequency of unintentional injuries, side bias, and neuroticism. Further, the study aimed at extending the findings of previous studies establishing a relationship between non‐right‐handedness and unintentional injuries to a similar pattern in other domains of side bias—footedness, eyedness, and earedness. Data were collected from a large sample (N = 3474) using the side bias questionnaire, the shorter version of Maudsley's Personality Inventory, and an unintentional injury checklist. Results revealed positive correlations between the frequency of unintentional injuries and mixed‐sidedness, followed by left‐sidedness and right‐sidedness in each of the four domains of side bias. Furthermore, an increase in the frequency of unintentional injuries was observed for mixed‐sided and left‐sided individuals with higher levels of neuroticism.