中日幼儿“所有”关系的跨文化研究

对中国北京市和日本京都市的各一所幼儿园小班幼儿园团体进行了自然观察,利用动物行为这的社会等级距等方法分析幼儿园之间围绕一定资源所发生的相互作用,考察了幼儿团体中的所有关系是否由它们之间的支配－从属关系或等级制度所规定。所得主要结果如下：（１）中日幼儿团体的社会等级矩阵的稳固性与直线性都比较低;（２）他们在社会等级矩阵上的等级和由班主任评定的争夺之量分数,领导分数之间都没有显著相关,（３）从幼儿之间     

On quantifying different types of categorical data

In quantifying categorical data, constraints play an important role in characterizing the outcome. In the Guttman-type quantification of contingency tables and multiple-choice data (incidence data), the trivial solution due to the marginal constraints is typically removed before quantification; this removal, however, has the effect of distorting the shape of the total space. Awareness of this is important for the interpretation of the quantified outcome. The present study provides some relevant formulas for those cases that are affected by the trivial solution and those cases that are not. The characterization of the total space used by the Guttman-type quantification and pertinent discussion are presented.This study was supported by a grant from The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to S. Nishisato.     

Psychometric and information processing properties of selected response time models

This paper discusses the compatibility of some response time (RT) models with psychometric and with information processing approaches to response times. First, three psychometrically desirable properties of probabilistic models for binary data, related to the principle of specific objectivity, are adapted to the domain of RT models. One of these is the separability of item and subject parameters, and another is double monotonicity. Next, the compatibility of these psychometric properties with one very popular information processing approach, the serial-additive model, is discussed. Finally, five RT models are analyzed with respect to their compatibility with the psychometric properties, with serial-additive processing and with some alternative types of processing. It is concluded that (a) current psychometric models each satisfy one or more of the psychometric properties, but are not (easily) compatible with serial-additive processing, (b) at least one serial-additive processing model satisfies separability of item and subject parameters, and (c) RT models will more easily satisfy double monotonicity than the other two psychometric properties.     

Crossed-uncrossed difference (CUD) on reaction time and movement time in three two-choice experiments

The present study addresses the robustness and the reliability of the crossed-uncrossed difference (CUD) on a reaction time (RT) and a movement time (MT) component of a prescribed unimanual response to lateralized stimuli. Experiment 1 demonstrated positive CUDs both when a visual warning signal (WS) and an auditory reaction signal (RS) appeared on corresponding and non-corresponding sides of the body. Experiment 2 showed effect of handedness on CUD calculated among right-handers and left-handers. Experiment 3 investigated CUDs through five successive days, indicating that CUDs became steady and reliable although practice affected both RT and MT. All experiments indicated CUD on RT and MT. In addition, Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated hemispheric asymmetries in favour of an anatomical theory while Experiment 3 did not show any asymmetries and supports an S-R compatibility theory.     

How does familiarity with a voice affect trait judgements?

From only a single spoken word, listeners can form a wealth of first impressions of a person’s character traits and personality based on their voice. However, due to the substantial within-person variability in voices, these trait judgements are likely to be highly stimulus-dependent for unfamiliar voices: The same person may sound very trustworthy in one recording but less trustworthy in another. How trait judgements differ when listeners are familiar with a voice is unclear: Are listeners who are familiar with the voices as susceptible to the effects of within-person variability? Does the semantic knowledge listeners have about a familiar person influence their judgements? In the current study, we tested the effect of familiarity on listeners’ trait judgements from variable voices across 3 experiments. Using a between-subjects design, we contrasted trait judgements by listeners who were familiar with a set of voices – either through laboratory-based training or through watching a TV show – with listeners who were unfamiliar with the voices. We predicted that familiarity with the voices would reduce variability in trait judgements for variable voice recordings from the same identity (cf. Mileva, Kramer & Burton, Perception, 48, 471 and 2019, for faces). However, across the 3 studies and two types of measures to assess variability, we found no compelling evidence to suggest that trait impressions were systematically affected by familiarity.     

Who should be on the $10 and $20 bills? Preferences based on gender,sexism, race,racism, political affiliation,and political ideology

In June 2015, the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced that a woman would replace Hamilton on the $10 bill. In April 2016, it announced that Harriet Tubman would replace Andrew Jackson on the $20 bill, instead. After each announcement, we surveyed nationally representative samples of American adults and asked them what they thought of these proposed changes for the $10 bill (Study 1, N = 209) and the $20 bill (Study 2, N = 208). Predictors of currency preferences were gender, race, political affiliation and their respective prejudices and biases—sexism, racism, and political ideology. On the basis of social identity, system justification, and social dominance theories we predicted that privileged groups (i.e., males, Whites) and groups who desire to maintain the status quo (i.e., Republicans, conservatives, sexist and racist individuals) would prefer to leave Hamilton on the $10 bill and Jackson on the $20 bill. Results were consistent with these predictions: Overall, we found that under‐represented groups and more liberal individuals support the proposals from the U.S. Department of the Treasury. These findings suggest a bill of money is not just a piece of paper. The person depicted on U.S. currency can be perceived as an in‐group or out‐group member and this can affect judgements in line with relevant social psychological theories.     

Involuntary processing of social dominance cues from bimodal face-voice displays

Social-rank cues communicate social status or social power within and between groups. Information about social-rank is fluently processed in both visual and auditory modalities. So far, the investigation on the processing of social-rank cues has been limited to studies in which information from a single modality was assessed or manipulated. Yet, in everyday communication, multiple information channels are used to express and understand social-rank. We sought to examine the (in)voluntary nature of processing of facial and vocal signals of social-rank using a cross-modal Stroop task. In two experiments, participants were presented with face-voice pairs that were either congruent or incongruent in social-rank (i.e. social dominance). Participants’ task was to label face social dominance while ignoring the voice, or label voice social dominance while ignoring the face. In both experiments, we found that face-voice incongruent stimuli were processed more slowly and less accurately than were the congruent stimuli in the face-attend and the voice-attend tasks, exhibiting classical Stroop-like effects. These findings are consistent with the functioning of a social-rank bio-behavioural system which consistently and automatically monitors one’s social standing in relation to others and uses that information to guide behaviour.     

Attitudes to women in society: the role of social dominance orientation and social values

his research assessed the extent to which attitudes to women in society are predicted by the personality trait social dominance orientation (SDO) as well as the values international harmony and equality (INT) and national strength and order (NAT). Respondents were a community sample of adult non‐students (N = 158). Sex differences were observed on INT and attitudes to women. Multiple regression analyses showed sex differences in the extent to which SDO predicts attitudes to women, while no support was found for the view that social attitudes are underpinned by both security and harmony values. The results are discussed with reference to social dominance theory and the nature of the security value domain. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicting dispositions toward inclusion of students with disabilities: the role of conservative ideology and discomfort with disability

Within the published empirical record, a limited number of investigations exist that study the association between socio-political ideologies of preservice teachers and their attitudes toward disability-related matters within schools. To the extent that individual socio-political ideology and discomfort with disability remain mostly unexplored, this state of affairs may unwittingly compromise the capacity of future educators to assist students with special needs. The purpose of our study was to test relationships between preservice teachers’ conservative ideologies and discomfort with disability on the one hand and perceived negative attitudes toward students with disabilities and opposition to inclusion on the other. Our correlational findings indicate that preservice educators who report being higher in social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, economic and cultural conservatism, and discomfort with disabilities are more likely to oppose inclusion and to hold negative attitudes toward students with disabilities. Regression analyses revealed that social dominance orientation and discomfort with disability were stronger predictors of negative attitudes toward students with disabilities and opposition to inclusion than cultural conservatism/right-wing authoritarianism. These findings lend support to teacher preparation programs assisting preservice teachers in understanding (a) their attitudes toward inclusion and students with disabilities and (b) the impact their dispositions may have on their future effectiveness in supporting these students in their efforts to become productive and independent members of society.

Clues for dominance in female chamois: Age,weight, or horn size?

A study of social interactions among female Apennine chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata was made in Abruzzo National Park, central Italy, between 1981 and 1982. A linear hierarchy among females was observed, rank order being highly correlated with age, weight, and horn size. An analysis of which physical clues are used by females to assess dominance suggests that body weight may be the most important attribute. The percentages of threats and dominance displays decrease beyond 7–8 years of age when females usually start to lose weight, whereas horns keep growing throughout life. Furthermore, the greater effect of weight compared to that of horn size on the rank/age correlation supports our conclusion.