Personality,identity styles and authoritarianism: an integrative study among late adolescents

The relations between five personality factors, three identity styles, the prejudice dispositions of right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO) and racial prejudice were investigated in a Flemish‐Belgian late adolescent sample (N = 328). Results show that Openness to Experience and Agreeableness relate to racial prejudice but that these relations were fully mediated by RWA and SDO. In addition, results show that whereas RWA relates to Conscientiousness and lack of Openness to Experience, SDO relates to lack of Agreeableness and lack of Openness to Experience. The relation between Conscientiousness and RWA and between Openness to Experience and SDO was fully mediated by the identity styles. However, Openness to Experience had a direct influence on RWA and Agreeableness had a direct influence on SDO. The implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

优势分析方法及其应用

优势分析是近年来由Budescu等人新发展起来的一种确定多元回归方程中各预测变量相对重要性的方法。与传统方法相比,优势分析突出的特点是,全面比较了在由全模型所衍生出来的所有子模型情况下,各预测变量(X1,X…XP)在解释或预测标准变量у时,它们之间的相对重要性。本文从基本原理以及具体操作过程对这一新的统计分析方法进行了详细介绍。     

Upper‐Body Strength and Political Egalitarianism: Twelve Conceptual Replications

Animal models of conflict behavior predict that an organism's behavior in a conflict situation is influenced by physical characteristics related to abilities to impose costs on adversaries. Stronger and larger organisms should be more motivated to seek larger shares of resources and higher places in hierarchies. Previous studies of human males have suggested that measures of upper‐body strength are associated with measures of support for inequality including Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), a measure of individual differences in support for group‐based hierarchies. However, other studies have failed to replicate this association. In this article, we reexamine the link between upper‐body strength and support for inequality using 12 different samples from multiple countries in which relevant measures were available. These samples include student and locally representative samples with direct measures of physical strength and nationally representative samples with self‐reported measures related to muscularity. While the predicted correlation does not replicate for every single available measure of support for inequality, the overall data pattern strongly suggests that for males, but not females, upper‐body strength correlates positively with support for inequality.     

The Dominance,Prestige, and Leadership Account of Social Power Motives

The power motive predicts influential social behaviour; however, its heterogeneous conceptualisations have produced inconsistent results. To overcome this problem, we developed and validated a unitary taxonomy of social power motives based on established delineations of social hierarchies: the dominance, prestige, and leadership account. While we could measure these motives both reliably and distinctively (study 1), we also showed they strongly related to a common power desire (study 2). Assessing their nomological networks (studies 3 and 4), we demonstrated distinct associations between the dominance motive (D: wanting to coerce others into adhering to one's will) and anger and verbal aggression; the prestige motive (P: wanting to obtain admiration and respect) and the fear of losing reputation and claiming to have higher moral concerns; the leadership motive (L: wanting to take responsibility in and for one's group) and emotional stability and helping behaviour. Furthermore, while D uniquely predicted agonistic/retaliatory behaviour in dictator games (study 5), L uniquely predicted the attainment of higher employment ranks in various professions (study 7). Finally, at least to some degree, P and L related positively, and D negatively to prosocial donating behaviour (study 6). This taxonomy represents a novel and powerful approach to predicting influential social behaviour. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology     

The social‐psychological bases of far‐right support in Europe and the United States

The roles of authoritarianism, social dominance orientation (SDO), and prejudice in the prediction of far‐right support were examined in Europe and the United States. A meta‐analysis shows remarkably similar, positive, and strong associations of far‐right support with these three variables in previous studies conducted in Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Results from two cross‐sectional studies in the United States further indicated that higher levels of authoritarianism and SDO related to higher voting intentions and support for Trump, via increased prejudice. In a three‐wave longitudinal study in the United Kingdom, authoritarianism and SDO predicted pro‐Brexit attitudes and support for the U.K. Independence Party, again via prejudice. These results shed a new light on the widely held beliefs in “American and British exceptionalism,” as Trump and Brexit adherents share the same social‐psychological underpinnings as far‐right supporters observed in several European countries.     

Interindividual differences in neonatal sociality and emotionality predict juvenile social status in rhesus monkeys

In humans, socioeconomic status (SES) has profound outcomes on socio‐emotional development and health. However, while much is known about the consequences of SES, little research has examined the predictors of SES due to the longitudinal nature of such studies. We sought to explore whether interindividual differences in neonatal sociality, temperament, and early social experiences predicted juvenile social status in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), as a proxy for SES in humans. We performed neonatal imitation tests in infants’ first week of life and emotional reactivity assessments at 2 and 4 weeks of age. We examined whether these traits, as well as the rearing environment in the first 8 months of life (with the mother or with same‐aged peers only) and maternal social status predicted juvenile (2–3 years old) social status following the formation of peer social groups at 8 months. We found that infants who exhibited higher rates of neonatal imitation and newborn emotional reactivity achieved higher social status as juveniles, as did infants who were reared with their mothers, compared to infants reared with peers. Maternal social status was only associated with juvenile status for infant dyads reared in the same maternal group, indicating that relative social relationships were transferred through social experience. These results suggest that neonatal imitation and emotional reactivity may reflect ingrained predispositions toward sociality that predict later outcomes, and that nonnormative social experiences can alter socio‐developmental trajectories. Our results indicate that neonatal characteristics and early social experiences predict later social outcomes in adolescence, including gradients of social stratification.     

Neural correlates of successful and unsuccessful verbal memory encoding

Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that episodic memory encoding involves a network of neocortical structures which may act interdependently with medial temporal lobe (mTL) structures to promote the formation of durable memories, and that activation in certain structures is modulated according to task performance. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to determine the neural structures recruited during a verbal episodic encoding task and to examine the relationship between activation during encoding and subsequent recognition memory performance across subjects. Our results show performance-correlated activation during encoding both in neocortical and medial temporal structures. Neocortical activations associated with later successful and unsuccessful recognition memory were found to differ not only in magnitude, but also in hemispheric laterality. These performance-related hemispheric effects, which have not been previously reported, may correspond to between-subject differences in encoding strategy.     

A systematic review on the role of language-related factors in the manifestation of stuttering in bilinguals

PurposeBilingual(s) who stutter (BWS) provide an opportunity to explore the link between stuttering and language. Unlike in monolinguals, stuttering in bilinguals could be influenced by both speaker-related language (e.gs. dominance & proficiency) and linguistic typology-related factors (e.g., structure of languages). However, the available literature is largely inconclusive on these factors. In this context, we systematically reviewed the literature to compile evidence on the influence of such factors on BWS.MethodWe followed the conventional systematic review process that included five databases. Further, the quality of the included articles was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for quality rating.ResultThirteen articles passed the selection criteria. Review of these articles revealed that language proficiency and dominance are the important factors that affect stuttering frequency in BWS. Though the linguistic typology is portrayed as a factor on the differential manifestation of dysfluencies in both languages of the BWS, the literature does not provide substantiating data for this. Further, the lack of uniformity in assessing and reporting language dominance and proficiency are the major drawbacks in the existing literature on stuttering in BWS.ConclusionThis review identifies proficiency and dominance as the major factors that influence the stuttering frequency in BWS. Currently, the evidence for the influence of typological differences between languages of the BWS on stuttering largely remains whimsical. Future research shall employ the recommended tasks and metrics while assessing the dysfluencies in BWS so that findings across centres become comparable, which in turn, could yield valid inferences.     

汽车前脸特征对年轻消费者喜好的影响

采用问卷和实验相结合的方式考察了汽车前脸的面部宽高比对年轻消费者喜好度的影响,同时探讨了支配性感知的中介作用与前脸表情的调节作用。结果发现：（1）面部宽高比可以显著预测人对汽车前脸的喜好度;（2）支配性感知在面部宽高比与喜好度之间起到完全中介作用;（3）前脸表情可以调节支配性感知对喜好度的影响,攻击型表情条件下的支配性感知显著影响喜好度,友好型表情条件下支配性感知的作用则不显著。     

Geometry,landmarks and the cerebral hemispheres: 2D spatial reorientation in split‐brain patients

A right‐hemispheric superiority in spatial encoding based on geometric cues has been largely documented in a variety of species, together with a left‐hemispheric specialization for encoding based on landmarks. In humans, hemispheric asymmetries for spatial encoding have been little explored. In this study, we compared a patient with a complete callosal resection (D.D.C.) and a patient with a wide callosal resection saving the splenium (A.P.), with healthy participants. In two 2D versions of the ‘reorientation task’, participants were asked to find the target corner of a rectangle‐shaped environment, by exploiting either geometric information alone or the combination of geometric and landmark information. In Experiment 1, the landmark consisted of a coloured side of the rectangle; in Experiment 2, this cue was replaced by a coloured disc located inside the rectangle. In both experiments, the rectangular shape ensured the geometric cue. D.D.C. was always unable to recall the target, whereas A.P. correctly solved the task when only the geometric information was available, without difference with respect to the controls. Importantly, the performance of A.P. did not differ from controls’ when the right hemisphere was tested with the landmark cues (the task being carried out using the left hand), whereas when the left hemisphere was tested (right‐hand session) his performance was worse than controls’ with the coloured side of the space, but it was better than controls’ with the coloured disc. The results are discussed comparing them with data collected on other species, and with theories of spatial processing.