Supine defense in the intraspecific fighting of male house mice mus domesticus

House mice have been reported rarely to perform the supine behavior pattern as a defensive tactic during intraspecific fighting. However, in this study of intraspecific fighting by male mice, it is shown that mice do indeed rotate to supine. This maneuver is used to evade or extricate themselves from bites to the lower dorsum by the attacking opponent. Once free from the bite the defender does not remain supine, but will immediately turn to prone and flee. Remaining motionless in the supine position may serve a submissive function in other species, but this does not seem to be the case for mice. The present findings illustrate that the supine tactic is a dynamic maneuver for defense of body areas targeted by the opponent. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Meter isn't everything: The case of a timeline-oriented Cuban polyrhythm

Meter serves as a robust temporal referent for the creation and perception of musical rhythm. In music from Africa and the diaspora, a parallel referent is often present in the form of repetitive rhythmic patterns known as timelines. This paper examines how a well-known timeline (the standard pattern) serves as a grounding framework for quinto (lead conga drum) rhythms heard in different drumming performances of Afro-Cuban rumba columbia. Focusing on the layout of alignment points between the constituent elements of the various temporal layers—rhythm, timeline, and possible meters—indicates that the quinto players may be orienting their playing according to the timeline's onsets.     

老年人整体运动敏感性降低的脑灰质体积变化基础

本研究使用多体素模式分析方法和随机点阵范式,首次探索了老年人整体运动敏感性（GMS）下降和其脑灰质体积下降间的关系。结果发现,老年人GMS显著低于年轻人,老年人V5/MT、V3和额顶等脑区灰质体积显著小于年轻人;V5/MT和V3区的灰质体积信号可以有效预测个体的GMS。结果提示,V5/MT区和V3区,特别是V3区的灰质体积下降可能是老年人GMS下降的主要原因;而基于“去分化假设”,全脑范围内其余脑区的灰质体积下降可能也在一定程度上与老年人GMS下降有关。     

Direct evidence that an apparent splitting pattern of gamma particles in Ni alloys is a stage of coalescence

High-resolution electron microscopy is used to determine the translation order domains of gamma particles in arrangements formed during Ostwald ripening in the alloy Ni-12at.%Al. Such arrangements have been often identified with the operation of a mechanism of particle splitting in the late stages of the coarsening process, that is when the elastic strain contribution becomes predominant. It is shown that the translation order domains are not identical in such a particle array. This leads to the conclusion that particle splitting is not necessarily the mechanism responsible for the formation of such characteristic particle arrangements. Instead, particle migration can also be considered to be the responsible mechanism for the formation of such a correlated gamma-particle spatial distribution observed in Ni-based alloys.     

The role of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in olfactory working memory

Olfactory working memory and pattern separation for odor information was assessed in male rats using a matching-to-sample for odors paradigm. The odor set consisted of a five aliphatic acids with unbranched carbon chains that varied from two- to six-carbons in length. Each trial consisted of a sample phase followed by a choice phase. During the sample phase, rats would receive one of five different odors. Fifteen seconds later during the choice phase one of the previous odors was presented simultaneously side by side with a different odor that was based on the number of aliphatic acids that varied in the carbon chains from two- to six-carbons in length and rats were allowed to choose between the two odors. The rule to be learned in order to receive a food reward was to always choose the odor that occurred during the study phase. Odor separations of 1, 2, 3 or 4 were selected for each choice phase and represented the carbon chain difference between the study phase odor and the test phase odor. Once an animal reached a criterion of 80–90% correct across all temporal separations based on 40 trials, rats received a control, dorsal hippocampal, or ventral hippocampal lesion and were retested on the task. On postoperative trials, only the ventral hippocampal lesion group was impaired relative to both control and dorsal hippocampal groups groups. There were no effects on odor pattern separation. All groups of rats could discriminate between the odors. The data suggest that the ventral hippocampus, but not dorsal hippocampus, supports working memory for odor information.     

心理隐喻的变迁与心理治疗模式的转换

心理治疗模式的转换始终伴随着心理隐喻的变迁,每一种心理治疗模式都蕴涵着一个独特的心理隐喻,支撑着研究领域的共同理解。揭示这些治疗模式内蕴的心理隐喻,梳理心理隐喻的变迁轨迹,有助于我们更好地理解心理治疗模式的转换规律,展望心理治疗的发展前景。     

个体心理模式对慢性疾病预后的探讨

21世纪,慢性疾病逐渐成为威胁人类健康的重要原因。然而其预后一直不理想,对慢性疾病患者的心理模式进行了分析,结合工作实际,提出慢性疾病患者如何看待疾病和自身———有意识的或无意识的———在很大程度上决定了疾病的预后。     

高血压防治模式探讨

高血压是一种严重危害人体健康的生活方式病,也是一种心身疾病。它的危害性较之烈性传染病有过之而无不及。但高血压防治仍停留在“专家模式”一头热的困局上,临床指南与临床实践有较大差距。高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率均低。造成“三低”的原因有:(1)对高血压这种慢性、流行性疾病的危害性认识不足;(2)健康观念存在误区;(3)迷信一劳永逸的治疗方法;(4)人群防治知识缺乏、素质低下。高血压防治是一个科学的综合管理过程,只有从健康教育入手,全面提高人群高血压防治知识水平,才能开创高血压防治的新局面。健康追求不应只是个人行为,还必须是群体行为和社会行为。人群有了健康观念、健康心态和健康智慧,高血压的防治才能取得真正的成效。     

积极心理治疗模式的特色及启示

。积极心理治疗是以积极心理学思想为理论指导的一种心理疗法。作为心理治疗中的一个新生事物,它从人发展的可能性和能力出发,以解决冲突为核心,关注积极的人格特质,在治疗中借助讲故事的形式提供跨文化的观点。这一较符合人性特点的心理治疗模式,扩展了人们对心理治疗性质的认识,推进了心理治疗的本土化发展。