The dynamics of heartbeat interval time series over large time scales were studied by a modifed random walk analysis introduced
recently asDetrended Fluctuation Analysis. In this analysis, the intrinsic fractal long-range power-law correlation properties of beat-to-beat fluctuations generated
by the dynamical system (i.e., cardiac rhythm generator), after decomposition from extrinsic uncorrelated sources, can be
quantified by the scaling exponent (α) which, in healthy subjects, for time scales of ∼104 beats is ∼1.0. The effects of chronic hypoxia were determined from serial heartbeat interval time series of digitized twenty-four-hour
ambulatory ECGs recorded in nine healthy subjects (mean age thirty-four years old) at sea level and during a sojourn at 5,050
m for thirty-four days (Ev-K2-CNR Pyramid Laboratory, Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal). The group averaged α exponent (±SD)
was 0.99±0.04 (range 0.93–1.04). Longitudinal assessment of α in individual subjects did not reveal any effect of exposure
to chronic high altitude hypoxia. The finding of α∼1 indicating scale-invariant long-range power-law correlations (1/f noise) of heartbeat fluctuations would reflect a genuinely self-similar fractal process that typically generates fluctuations
on a wide range of time scales. Lack of a characteristic time scale along with the absence of any effect from exposure to
chronic hypoxia on scaling properties suggests that the neuroautonomic cardiac control system is preadapted to hypoxia which
helps prevent excessive mode-locking (error tolerance) that would restrict its functional responsiveness (plasticity) to hypoxic
or other physiological stimuli.
Editorial Note: A philosopher is, by definition, a lover of wisdom. In the following article, Dr. Dimitrov, as a philosopher, examines the
principles that underlie being and thinking as performed by the structures of the brain. He reports his thoughts in a “virtual
context.” Virtual, a word enjoying great popularity today, is derived from the Latin word for man; it describes manliness
and implies apparent, but not actual, power.
In his analysis of how information is dealt with by the human being, the author uses theoretical physics and mathematics that
may seem arcane to some readers. A major aspect of his thesis declares that the effective performance of information systems
relies not on the structures involved, but on the way they interact. 相似文献
Background and Aims In night driving, the fatal accident rate is about four times that in daytime. There is a lack of published studies of the
effect of darkness on electrocortical responses in professional drivers (PD). Aim: Assessing relations between electroencephalographic
(EEG) reactions to enforced darkness reminiscent of night driving, and untoward behavioral response patterns, notably Type
A behavior.
Methods PD: 13 with ischemic heart disease, 12 hypertensives (HTN), 10 borderline hypertensives and 34 normotensives, and 23 non-PD
controls. Five minutes of electroencephalographic recording with eyes closed, and subsequently 3 minutes exposure to darkness.
EEG parameters were: alpha abundance, amplitude and frequent. Type A behavior (TAB) was assessed by observation and by questionnaire.
Results Alpha abundance diminished significantly for darkness compared to spontaneous recording for all groups. No between-group differences
were found for EEG. There were no significant differences in EEG between drivers with IHD or HTN taking versus not taking
centrally active β-blockers. Drivers with IHD were the only group to show significant increase in dominant α frequency at
darkness. The IHD group also had the highest TAB questionnaire scores and the heaviest exposure to professional driving. Type
A scores were significantly correlated with dominantt alpha frequency during darkness. Low availability of attachment and
special driving hazards best predicted TAB scores in driven. There was a significance between group difference with respect
to Symbolic Aversiveness at the work place comparing each driver group with the non-PD control group.
Conclusions Exposure to darkness reminiscent of night driving can elicit central arousal, in conflict with circadian rhythm, and in combination
with other driving hazards which contribute to symbolic aversiveness, the essence of driving. And low availability of social
attachment could contribute to sustained, and in turn to the development of Type A behavior in professional drivers. 相似文献
Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) screening is rapidly becoming the standard of care in the United States after being added to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) in 2011. Newborn screens typically do not require affirmative parental consent. In fact, most states allow parents to exempt their baby from receiving the required screen on the basis of religious or personally held beliefs. There are many ethical considerations implicated with allowing parents to exempt their child from newborn screening for CCHD. Considerations include the treatment of religious exemptions in our current legal system, as well as medical and ethical principles in relation to the rights of infants. Although there are significant benefits to screening newborns for CCHD, when a parent refuses for religious or personal beliefs, in the case of CCHD screening, the parental decision should stand. 相似文献
Objectives: Previous research suggested that illness perceptions provide the basis for illness risk perceptions through an inductive reasoning process. This study aimed to assess the direction of relationships between illness and recurrence risk perceptions over time, among cardiac patients.
Design: A longitudinal study was conducted among 138 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Self-report questionnaires measured perceived recurrence risk and illness perceptions one day and one month after catheterisation.
Results: Cross-lagged Panel Model Analyses revealed that higher perceptions of timeline, consequences and emotional representations of illness at hospitalisation were associated with higher recurrence risk perceptions one month later. Perceived personal control was the only illness perception with bi-directional associations: higher perceived personal control at hospitalisation was associated with higher recurrence risk perceptions one month later; and higher recurrence risk perceptions at hospitalisation was associated with lower personal control one month later.
Conclusions: The findings suggest that the associations between recurrence risk and illness perceptions can only partly be explained by inductive reasoning. Halo effects and defensive processes are suggested as complementary explanations for the observed associations between risk and illness perceptions. 相似文献