青少年“网络成瘾”干预的实证基础

随着互联网在中国的快速普及和发展, 青少年已经成为主要的互联网用户群体之一。青少年在享用互联网带来的种种便利之时, 其中部分人因为过分沉溺于网络而导致“网络成瘾”。我们根据青少年发展过程中的心理特点, 探讨了其自我中心思维、自我、依恋、人格、生活事件等多方面因素与其网络成瘾之间的关系, 在这些研究发现的基础上开发了青少年网络成瘾的评价工具、提出了针对网络成瘾的干预建议。同时, 我们还在实证研究的基础上对青少年健康上网的界定和评判进行了分析。     

Behavioral evidence for a differential modulation of semantic processing and lexical production by aging: a full linear mixed-effects modeling approach

The effect of normal aging on lexical production and semantic processing was evaluated in 72 healthy participants. Four tasks were used, picture naming (PN), picture categorization (PC), numerical judgment (NJ), and color judgment (CJ). The dependence of reaction time (RT) and correct responses with age was accounted by mixed-effects models. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing for verbal, executive, and memory functions. The RTs increase significantly with age for all tasks. After parceling out the non-specific cognitive decline, as reflected by the NJ task, the RT for the PN task decreases with age. Behavioral data were interpreted in relation with neuropsychological scores. Our results suggest that (a) naming becomes more automatic and semantic processing slightly more difficult with age, and (b) a non-specific general slowdown of cognitive processing occurs with age. Lexical production remained unaltered, based on compensatory automatic processes. This study also suggests a possible slowdown of semantic processing, even in normal aging.     

Communication with Older Persons: Part I-Looking Within

ABSTRACT

How is healthy (salugenic) religion to be distinguished from sick (pathogenic) religion in modern life? Humanistic psychology and religion have benchmarks by which they can be defined. The healthy religion indicators can be related to aging and to physical wellness or wholeness. Such a correlation is especially helpful in a changing 21st century world.     

健康人格研究述评

在适应现代生活的同时人们愈来愈重视人格健康问题,个体的健康人格状况一直受到学者们的关注.文章对国内外二十年来健康人格的理论和实证研究进展进行了系统综述.在此基础上,指出了健康人格研究领域存在的问题和将来进一步研究的方向.     

儿童心理健康发展的家庭生态系统特点研究

通过元分析及变量频数分析技术完成影响儿童心理发展的家庭生态系统关键变量的筛选,运用生态系统发展观,对746名中小学生的家庭生态系统进行了研究。分别从差异模式、关系模式和系统结构模式对健康组和问题组儿童的家庭各子系统关键因素之间的差异,子系统关键因素间、子系统间的关系,以及整体生态系统的特点进行分析,考察了儿童心理健康发展的家庭生态系统特点。     

Memory for faces with emotional expressions in Alzheimer’s disease and healthy older participants: positivity effect is not only due to familiarity

Young individuals better memorize initially seen faces with emotional rather than neutral expressions. Healthy older participants and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients show better memory for faces with positive expressions. The socioemotional selectivity theory postulates that this positivity effect in memory reflects a general age-related preference for positive stimuli, subserving emotion regulation. Another explanation might be that older participants use compensatory strategies, often considering happy faces as previously seen. The question about the existence of this effect in tasks not permitting such compensatory strategies is still open. Thus, we compared the performance of healthy participants and AD patients for positive, neutral, and negative faces in such tasks. Healthy older participants and AD patients showed a positivity effect in memory, but there was no difference between emotional and neutral faces in young participants. Our results suggest that the positivity effect in memory is not entirely due to the sense of familiarity for smiling faces.     

管理情境中人格测验的社会评价性研究

在现代的人事测量中,人格测验被广泛地用来挑选“人-职匹配”的员工并对员工的绩效作出预测。但是一般而言,人格测验的中性导致其测试结果与工作绩效并无显著性相关。因为,除了能力等中性因素之外,能够预测员工工作状况的是诚实、忠诚、尽责等与社会评价指标有关的心理特性,如开朗、乐观、大度和积极向上、具有创造潜能的人格特征。因此,开发具有社会评价性意义的人格测验对人事工作特别是绩效预测有着重要的作用。     

Cognitive stimulation for healthy older adults through computer-based programs: a review of the literature / Estimulación cognitiva para personas mayores sanas mediante programas computarizados: una revisión de la literatura

Abstract

Cognitive stimulation programs are widely used as a preventive tool for cognitive decline in older adults, as they can favour positive ageing by maintaining older persons’ autonomy and preserving their cognitive functions. Because of this, and due to its potentially easy application on a large scale and at a low cost, the incorporation of technologies for the cognitive stimulation of older adults has become an area of growing interest. This review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of computer-based cognitive stimulation programs aimed at healthy older adults, focusing on aspects that influence their effectiveness and future direction. Twenty-five articles were considered, including original studies, literature reviews and meta-analyses, published between 2013 and 2017. It was concluded that there is a need to generate more randomized studies with active control groups to assess the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation through computer-based programs, as well as develop designs to establish strategies that increase older adults’ adherence and ensure their motivation to carry out these activities.     

The Effects of Modafinil on Convergent and Divergent Thinking of Creativity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Modafinil is a drug licensed for the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep apnea. Recently, modafinil has been reported to be used as a pharmacological cognitive enhancer by healthy individuals with no psychiatric disorders. This paper reports on a study that investigated the effects of modafinil on divergent and convergent thinking tasks of creativity. Sixty‐four healthy male (n = 31) and female (n = 33) volunteers participated in a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled parallel group design study. For the convergent thinking tasks, modafinil had no significant main effect on the Group Embedded Figures Task and the Remote Associates Task (RAT). However, a median split analysis showed that modafinil participants low in creativity personality trait had significantly higher RAT scores (Mean [M] = 6.85, SD = 3.39; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 5.53–8.2) than those high in creativity personality trait (M = 4.27, SD = 3.0; 95% CI: 2.4–6.0). For the divergent thinking tasks, relative to placebo (M = 1.195, SD = 0.28; 95% CI: 1.0–1.3), modafinil (M = 0.77, SD = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.63–0.92) significantly reduced the performance of flexibility scores and marginally reduced the elaboration scores as measured by the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA). Overall, participants on modafinil (M = 6.3, SD = 2.6; 95% CI: 5.3–7.4) had significantly lower ATTA scores relative to participants on placebo (M = 9.5, SD = 2.3; 95% CI: 8.6–10.4). These results indicate that modafinil might reduce divergent thinking of creativity in healthy individuals. They suggest that, rather than being a more general cognitive enhancer, modafinil might have negative and subtle effects on creativity. However, the results are from a small‐scale trial, which tested a small number of participants. Therefore, the results need to be interpreted with caution. A replication with a large sample of participants is recommended.