医疗人工智能研究的风险评估及应对

医疗人工智能研发机构在开展疾病辅助诊断、治疗、预测、管理等研发活动时,需结合不同的技术特点及研究规律进行充分的风险评估并有效应对风险,包括：健康数据驱动研究应该特别关注算法技术可靠性、高质量数据以及信息保护等方面的风险;评价医学人工智能干预措施的临床试验应该关注治疗安全性以及责任归属等方面的风险;评价医学人工智能效果与对社会影响的研究应该关注评价指标、方法与结果的可靠性等。只有研发各方在早期识别出可能会对个体、机构、社会等产生的风险,并做好相应的风险防控,才能促进人工智能技术在医学领域的健康发展。

     

健康医疗数据的科研共享应用思考

针对工作调研中了解到的科研机构、科技企业、医疗机构和相关监管部门在数据共享中面临的现实问题,探讨在实践层面的应对策略,包括：建立可操作性强的共享制度与机制保障,厘清健康医疗数据监管者、提供者、使用者等相关各方的职责与权益;提供数据共享基础设施与先进技术保障,建立以应用为出发点的数据平台,确保数据全生命周期能够安全、可靠且可及的共享;提高涉及各相关方数据共享的伦理责任意识,并针对各种难点开展相关研究。

     

柏拉图论疾病、医药与养生

在《蒂迈欧》中,柏拉图从创世论的视角对人的灵魂、身体和身心关系做出了目的论的理序描述,他还从平衡错乱和比例失调的视角对身体疾病、心灵失序及身心不调做出了创世论的解读。在此基础上,他认为人的疾病是身心各部分之间的违反自然和比例失调。因此,要恢复身体健康,远离疾病困扰,关键在于运动和饮食,而非医药治疗的外部干预。对于受制于人类中心主义的现代人而言,柏拉图天人关系视角的人学理解让人耳目一新,它对技术时代渐趋迷失的现代人,如何思考人在宇宙中的位置以及处理人与自然的关系,无疑具有重要的警示参照意义。     

智慧医疗在癌症生存者症状管理中的应用现状

总结国内外癌症生存者的生存现状及疾病发展趋势,介绍智慧医疗和癌症生存者及生存期的概念,将智慧医疗在癌症生存者症状管理中的应用分为躯体症状管理,包括癌因性疲乏、疼痛、淋巴水肿、睡眠与觉醒障碍等;心理障碍管理,包括焦虑、抑郁、癌症复发恐惧等;功能障碍管理,包括认知功能障碍和性功能障碍等,分析和总结了智慧医疗在癌症生存者症状管理中出现的一些伦理问题,以期为癌症生存者管理实践提供参考。     

一体化医疗保障的理论释义与实践推进

从法理学、政治学、行政学意义上讲,建立一体化医疗保障有着重要的意义。一体化医疗保障应突破医疗保障一体化的思维限制,从医疗保障体系内部及外部思考其内涵与外延。现实中,我国一体化医疗保障主要是从医疗保障体系的扩容及保疗保障内部的一体化进行探索,医疗保障呈现碎片化和模糊化的状态,离一体化医疗保障的目标还有一定距离。一体化医疗保障的推进,需要从顶层设计上整合并细化医疗保障制度体系,从管理体系上形成整体性治理,推进贫困群体的识别机制与信息管理、保障基金预算与支出管理、医疗保障与医疗服务的一体化。     

Self-efficacy moderates the relationship between stress appraisal and quality of life among rescue workers

Abstract

Rescue workers are frequently exposed to highly stressful situations during their everyday work activity. Stress and coping theory emphasizes the interaction between primary and secondary appraisal in determining coping responses to stressful events and quality of life. According to Social Cognitive Theory, stress reactions depend on self-appraisal of coping capabilities.

The present study investigated whether self-efficacy moderates the relationship between stress appraisal and professional quality of life. A self-administered questionnaire was submitted to a sample of 451 Italian rescue workers (firefighters, paramedics, and medical technicians), including the Professional Quality of Life Scale, which measures three dimensions of emergency workers' quality of working life: compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the relationship between stress appraisal and professional quality of life was significant only among rescue workers with low levels of self-efficacy but not among those with higher levels of self-efficacy. These results confirmed the expectations based on Social Cognitive Theory that self-efficacy buffers the impact of perceived stressful encounters on professional quality of life. Results suggest the usefulness of interventions aimed at increasing rescue workers' psychosocial skills.     

Challenges to Doing Sexual Violence Work

Sexual assault victims experience a number of effects as a result of their victimization. Sexual assault crisis workers are assigned the responsibility of trying to minimize the negative consequences of sexual assault. In their efforts to serve sexual assault victims, it is likely that certain problems make it difficult to adequately help victims. This study considers how 43 sexual assault crisis workers (27 directors of sexual assault crisis centers and 16 workers) define the challenges of serving sexual assault victims. Major challenges reported included a lack of awareness about sexual assault, victim blaming, and a lack of resources. Implications are provided.     

Prevalence and Levels of Severity of Childhood Trauma among Mexican Female Sex Workers: A Comparison of Two Mexico Border Cities

The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of childhood trauma in a sample of female sex workers in Mexico. One hundred and nine female sex workers were recruited from Nuevo Laredo and Ciudad Juarez and administered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Findings reveal a high prevalence rate of childhood trauma among the total sample (94%). Nuevo Laredo sex workers had significantly higher total mean and subscale scores and levels of severity compared to Ciudad Juarez sex workers. This research is important because it examines the extent of childhood trauma among sex workers in a developing country. Moreover, it contributes to the few existing studies on sex workers that have documented the circumstances and factors unique to rural and urban environments. These results underline the importance of early identification of childhood trauma and implementation of appropriate prevention, intervention, and policies that might reduce these females' trajectory into sex work.     

Can you get a better deal elsewhere? The effects of psychological contract replicability on organizational commitment over time

Previous research on psychological contracts has focused on whether or not employees feel their employers have fulfilled the promises made to them. Instead, here we examine how perceptions of the external labor market, particularly about whether present psychological contracts could be replicated elsewhere, influence employees’ attachment to their current employers. In a longitudinal study of a diverse employee sample, we found perceptions that psychological contracts could not be replicated elsewhere accounted for a substantial amount of the variance in affective commitment (.38) and normative commitment (.29) and a smaller, but significant, amount of the variance in continuance commitment (.04). We also found significant moderating effects of age, work experience, and career stage on these relationships. The article concludes with implications for psychological contract theory, organizational commitment theory, and management practice.