语言表征的神经生物学理论

神经科学家F．Pulvermüller根据Hebb的“细胞群集”学说和相关性学习原理构建的“语言表征的神经生物学理论”首次试图基于皮层功能网络来解释语音、词汇和句法在大脑皮层的表征机制,不仅能较好地描述语言活动中经典语言脑区与其它参与活动脑区的相互关系,也对语言加工的大脑功能偏侧化与整合现象作了合适的说明。本文介绍了这一理论的主要观点和研究资料,并提出了一些尚需进一步研究的问题。     

认知失调引起的系列次序错误记忆初探

本实验借鉴认知失调领域自由范式的思路,以系列次序为对象,研究了错误记忆在认知失调影响下的产生特点和机制。结果表明：（1）选择操作对被试的次序回忆产生了显著影响：Z（有选择一无选择）=11．036,p〈0．01;（2）在有选择条件下,接受项目的喜好程度增加（X^2（2）=13．000,P〈0．005）,拒绝项目的喜好程度降低（X^2（2）=9．250．P=0．001）;在无选择的条件下,三种位置的频次分布无显著差异,表明认知失调引发了次序错误记忆;（3）预警变量对于次序回忆的相关程度有显著影响（Z（有提示一无提示）=3．535,P〈0．01）,对于接受项目和拒绝项目的位置回忆无显著影响（接受项目：X^2（2）=0．629,P=0．730;拒绝项目：70（2）=0．180,P=0．914）,表明错误记忆是由认知失调引起,并且难以抑制。     

内隐学习的人工神经网络模型

近年来,人工神经网络模型常被用来模拟各种心理活动,从而为心理学的一些相关理论提供丰富的证据,内隐学习也不例外。基于权重调整来学习正确反应的人工神经网络模型和内隐学习的两大本质特征间有着极为相应的匹配,因此,人工神经网络模型特别适用于内隐学习研究。到目前为止,针对两种较为普遍的内隐学习任务,已经相应地出现了两种使用较为广泛的神经网络模型——自动联系者和简单循环网络     

Situating Standards in Practices: Multi Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in India

Public health care needs to cope with a basic dilemma between providing standardized care within public programmes across entire and at times resource-constrained countries and adapting this care locally when responding to individual needs. This tension between standardization and local adaptation becomes particularly obvious for the prolonged and complicated treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Situated standardization, as introduced by Zuiderent-Jerak [2007a, 2007b] offers a way out of this dilemma. It helps to focus on how standards need to be situated in practice rather than viewing standardization and local adaptation as mutually exclusive practices. How do actors relate standardization and individual care in their practices of treating MDR-TB? Results from qualitative fieldwork at the first MDR-TB treatment sites of the Indian TB programme show that actors situate standards in a particular way. They assess the role of guidelines in a particular situation and on that basis recognize the core recommendations of guidelines or go beyond the guidelines. This allows actors to negotiate how standards should be situated and reconciles the dilemma between local adaptation and standardization. Having guidelines internalized, as is common for Indian TB control, bears both promises and pitfalls for engaging in standardization processes in a situated manner. The results contribute to science and technology study scholarship on guideline development. They highlight how actors coordinate the situating of standards and how this depends upon cultures of control. This illustrates the potential of qualitative studies on local adaptation for guideline developers by revealing existing practices of relating and negotiating local adaptation and standardization.     

从达尔文医学看肛肠病与上唇系带的相关性

本文复习了应用上唇系带龈交穴诊治痔病的文献,并应用达尔文医学理论讨论其机制。从系统发生的角度看,上唇系带与肛垫的相关性源于摄食与排泄原始口肛结构功能的统一性;从个体发生的角度来看,其相关性源于原始咽与泄殖腔在发生中的系列同源性。从达尔文医学的角度来看,上述相关性是人体原始口肛同一结构设计演化留下的痕迹,痔病在上唇系带产生反应（结节、条索等）基本上是中性的,并不严重,还没有对我们的口腔造成摄食、发音不便,故并没有在自然选择中被淘汰。刺激上唇系带龈交穴治疗痔病利用了演化留下的神经联系的痕迹。     

Offending Patterns of Serial Sex Offenders: Escalation,De‐escalation,and Consistency of Sexually Intrusive and Violent Behaviours

A series of stranger sexual assaults poses considerable obstacles for law enforcement officials. One such preoccupation is concerned with whether or not the offender will escalate in the severity of his behaviours with subsequent victims. The current study uses transition matrices to address whether or not the offending patterns of 72 serial stranger sex offenders change from one victim to the next as it pertains to their sexual acts and level of physical force used during the crime. Findings indicate that stability, specifically the offender's intrusive sexual acts and use of physical force, and versatility are present in this sample's offending patterns. To explain changes in offending patterns between victims, multinomial regression analyses indicate that situational factors and modus operandi strategies are important considerations. Implications for investigations are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mindfulness-based stress reduction and self-compassion among mental healthcare professionals: a pilot study

The authors conducted a pilot study on the effects of a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) educational intervention on mental health professionals' self-compassion, perceived stress, burnout, and quality of life. Data were obtained from 22 female mental healthcare workers between the ages of 24 and 69 years who were enrolled in one of four separate 8-week MBSR courses. Pre- and post-assessment measures consisted of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Quality of Life Inventory. The changes on the SCS total score proved significant with a p-value of .003. Within the SCS, changes were significant on four out of the six subscales. The study is unique in its use of the eight-week MBSR intervention to target mental health professionals currently working in the field, and in the examination of the specific facets of self-compassion enhanced by this type of intervention.     

Driving,Pseudo‐reality and the BTK: A Case Study

The significance of occupational choice, in particular those that involve driving, has not yet been studied or investigated in relation to serial murder. This paper, which adopts a case study approach, attempts to shed light on how driving as an occupation may instrumentally influence the offending behaviour of one North American serial murderer—Dennis Rader. Attention is given towards how spending such significant amounts of time driving may have held deep psychological importance for Rader, with regard to the development of his offending‐oriented fantasies. In particular, the “offending space model” is used to examine the relationship between ‘thinking and doing’. In providing this micro‐level analysis, we suggest that transient oriented occupations provide a rich array of practical advantages that may aid serial murderers in avoiding detection, whilst also holding deep psychological influence in the nurturing and development of their fantasies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coping orientation and psychological distress in healthcare professionals: The utility of appraising coping acceptability

The purpose of this study was to examine interaction effects of healthcare professionals' coping orientation (i.e., engagement versus disengagement) and appraisal of coping acceptability (ACA) on psychological distress, taking into account the individuals' job specificity and the psychological climate in their work environment. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted, and Japanese healthcare professionals (N = 189; 117 female; mean age: 40.1 ± 11.2 years) reported the coping strategies that they employed for task‐related or interpersonal stressors, their cognitive appraisal of the stressors, their ACA, and the psychological distress evoked by the stressors. The results showed that adding consideration of the ACA to the variable of coping orientation significantly improved predictions of psychological distress for both task and interpersonal stressors. There was no significant interaction between the coping orientation and the use of coping strategies that incorporated the ACA. These results suggest that considering the ACA, in addition to the coping orientation, would be useful for understanding individual differences in the mediators of healthcare professionals' coping in stressful situations.