医疗人工智能研究的风险评估及应对

医疗人工智能研发机构在开展疾病辅助诊断、治疗、预测、管理等研发活动时,需结合不同的技术特点及研究规律进行充分的风险评估并有效应对风险,包括：健康数据驱动研究应该特别关注算法技术可靠性、高质量数据以及信息保护等方面的风险;评价医学人工智能干预措施的临床试验应该关注治疗安全性以及责任归属等方面的风险;评价医学人工智能效果与对社会影响的研究应该关注评价指标、方法与结果的可靠性等。只有研发各方在早期识别出可能会对个体、机构、社会等产生的风险,并做好相应的风险防控,才能促进人工智能技术在医学领域的健康发展。

     

健康医疗数据的科研共享应用思考

针对工作调研中了解到的科研机构、科技企业、医疗机构和相关监管部门在数据共享中面临的现实问题,探讨在实践层面的应对策略,包括：建立可操作性强的共享制度与机制保障,厘清健康医疗数据监管者、提供者、使用者等相关各方的职责与权益;提供数据共享基础设施与先进技术保障,建立以应用为出发点的数据平台,确保数据全生命周期能够安全、可靠且可及的共享;提高涉及各相关方数据共享的伦理责任意识,并针对各种难点开展相关研究。

     

柏拉图论疾病、医药与养生

在《蒂迈欧》中,柏拉图从创世论的视角对人的灵魂、身体和身心关系做出了目的论的理序描述,他还从平衡错乱和比例失调的视角对身体疾病、心灵失序及身心不调做出了创世论的解读。在此基础上,他认为人的疾病是身心各部分之间的违反自然和比例失调。因此,要恢复身体健康,远离疾病困扰,关键在于运动和饮食,而非医药治疗的外部干预。对于受制于人类中心主义的现代人而言,柏拉图天人关系视角的人学理解让人耳目一新,它对技术时代渐趋迷失的现代人,如何思考人在宇宙中的位置以及处理人与自然的关系,无疑具有重要的警示参照意义。     

智慧医疗在癌症生存者症状管理中的应用现状

总结国内外癌症生存者的生存现状及疾病发展趋势,介绍智慧医疗和癌症生存者及生存期的概念,将智慧医疗在癌症生存者症状管理中的应用分为躯体症状管理,包括癌因性疲乏、疼痛、淋巴水肿、睡眠与觉醒障碍等;心理障碍管理,包括焦虑、抑郁、癌症复发恐惧等;功能障碍管理,包括认知功能障碍和性功能障碍等,分析和总结了智慧医疗在癌症生存者症状管理中出现的一些伦理问题,以期为癌症生存者管理实践提供参考。     

一体化医疗保障的理论释义与实践推进

从法理学、政治学、行政学意义上讲,建立一体化医疗保障有着重要的意义。一体化医疗保障应突破医疗保障一体化的思维限制,从医疗保障体系内部及外部思考其内涵与外延。现实中,我国一体化医疗保障主要是从医疗保障体系的扩容及保疗保障内部的一体化进行探索,医疗保障呈现碎片化和模糊化的状态,离一体化医疗保障的目标还有一定距离。一体化医疗保障的推进,需要从顶层设计上整合并细化医疗保障制度体系,从管理体系上形成整体性治理,推进贫困群体的识别机制与信息管理、保障基金预算与支出管理、医疗保障与医疗服务的一体化。     

Articulatory coding and phonological judgements on written words and pictures: The role of the phonological output buffer

Abstract

The ability of Italian subjects to make phonological judgements was investigated in three experiments. The judgements comprised initial sound similarity and stress assignment on pain of both written words and pictures. Stress assignment on both words and pictures as well as initial sound similarity on pictures required the activation of phonological lexical representations, but this was not necessarily the case for initial sound similarity judgements on word pairs. The first study assessed the effects of concurrent articulatory suppression on the judgements. Experiment 2 used a concomitant task (chewing), which shares with suppression the use of articulatory components but does not involve speech programming and production. The third experiment investigated the effects of unattended speech on the phonological judgements. The results of these three experiments showed that articulatory suppression had a significant disrupting effect on accuracy in all four conditions, while neither articulatory non-speech (chewing) or unattended auditory speech had any effect on the subjects' performance. The results suggest that these phonological judgements involve the operation of an articulatory speech output component, which is not implemented peripherally and does not require the involvement of a non-articulatory input system.     

Mechanism Involvement During Skill Imagery

Explanations of the effects of initial mental imagery practice on the subsequent performance of a motor task may be divided into two categories. Inflow explanations propose that proprioceptive feedback generated during imagery practice serves as the underlying mechanism while outflow explanations claim that cognitive operations (e.g., motor programs) generated during skill imagery serve as the basis for physical performance. A test of these two models was conducted by comparing unilateral and bilateral transfer in a rotary pursuit task following either imagery or physical practice (cf. Wallace, 1977). The results showed that all transfer groups produced positive transfer relative to a no-practice control group. Further, unilateral transfer was greater than bilateral transfer for physical practice. There was no difference between unilateral and bilateral transfer for imagery practice. These data were interpreted as evidence for an outflow explanation of skill imagery.     

Examining the Role of Similarity Coefficients and the Value of Behavioural Themes in Attempts to Link Serial Arson Offences

When relying on crime scene behaviours to link serial crimes, linking accuracy may be influenced by the measure used to assess across‐crime similarity and the types of behaviours included in the analysis. To examine these issues, the present study compared the level of linking accuracy achieved by using the simple matching index (S) to that of the commonly used Jaccard's coefficient (J) across themes of arson behaviour. The data consisted of 42 crime scene behaviours, separated into three behavioural themes, which were exhibited by 37 offenders across 114 solved arsons. The results of logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis indicate that, with the exception of one theme where S was more effective than J at discriminating between linked and unlinked crimes, no significant differences emerged between the two similarity measures. In addition, our results suggest that thematically unrelated behaviours can be used to link crimes with the same degree of accuracy as thematically related behaviours, potentially calling into the question the importance of theme‐based approaches to behavioural linkage analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中学生完成系列回忆任务错误类型发展的实验研究

本研究以初中一、三年级和高中二年级学生为被试,以三种类型的汉字(普通字、形似字和同音字)为实验材料,采用系列回忆任务的个别实验法,考察中学生完成系列回忆任务的错误类型特点。结果发现:1.各年级都出现了遗漏错误、侵入错误、移动错误和重复错误,其中移动错误随年级升高而减少且错误率最高。2.四种错误类型表现出不同的位置效应。3.同音字引起的错误率明显高于普通字和形似字。     

序列学习是否是内隐学习？

序列学习是继人工语法之后内隐学习的另一研究范式。以往观点认为,在练习后,被试对规则刺激和随机刺激在反应时上出现差异,就表明被试是内隐学习,这种差异量就是内隐学习量。但现在很多学者对序列学习是否内隐这一问题提出了疑问;运用新方法（过程分离法,简称PDP）的研究发现,序列学习是否内隐同反应-刺激间隔（RSI）有关,当RSI = 0时,序列学习才是内隐的;根据RSI提出了神经网络模型。