Tummy time without the tears: The impact of parent positioning and play

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that infants spend supervised time in the prone (tummy) position to foster motor development and prevent cranial deformities. However, infants may not tolerate the position, and consequently, caregivers may avoid placing their infants in the prone position. The AAP recommends that caregivers provide toys or interaction during tummy time. We evaluated the individual and combined effects of a play mat and experimenter interaction on negative vocalizations and head elevation during tummy time—positive effects were limited. Next, we evaluated a parent-led intervention wherein mothers interacted with their infants, using a toy, while lying chest-to-chest. This intervention was associated with a reduction in negative vocalizations and an increase in head elevation for the majority of infants. Additionally, mothers rated the effectiveness of the parent-led intervention more favorably than the experimenter-led intervention, suggesting the effects of the parent-led intervention were also socially valid.     

直立、蜷曲姿势对情绪概念加工的影响

以133名大学生为被试,采用“姿势-认知”双任务范式,通过两个实验探讨直立、蜷曲姿势对情绪概念加工的影响。实验1采用情绪词效价判断任务（浅加工）,发现无论是判断积极词语还是消极词语,姿势间的差异均不显著;实验2采用情绪词效价评定任务（深加工）,发现蜷曲比直立条件下对消极词语的评分更低,两种姿势在积极词语的评分上差异不显著。研究显示,在情绪概念加工中能够出现“蜷曲-消极”具身效应,该效应仅在认知加工程度较深的任务中出现。     

Pour une approche contextuelle et clinique de la demande de recrutement : la transformation d’une demande initiale dans une entreprise familiale

Studies of psychology in the work place usually analyse job offers from an explicit and functional point of view, forgetting the more implicit and strategic dimensions associated with them. This activity of recruitment takes into account the understanding of the specific context of the job offer and of the structure of the organisation which is looking to recruit. The clinical case study described here takes into consideration these contextual elements of very small company and proposes recruitment methods which include a third party, emphasising the particular role of psychologists or consultancies as recruitment advisers.     

Rhyming abilities in 9-month-olds: The role of the vowel and coda explored

Nine-month-olds can respond to a change in rhyme when the conditioned head turn procedure is used [Hayes, R. A., Slater, A., & Brown, E. (2000). Infants’ ability to categorise on the basis of rhyme.Cognitive Development, 15, 405–419]. However, it is not known whether infants are detecting the change in vowel, the change in coda, or both. In Study 1, it was found that 9-month-old infants clearly attend to both the vowel and coda of the syllables presented, since they successfully categorised the syllables on the basis of both. However, infants found it harder to detect the difference when only the vowel or the coda changed than when both changed, a pattern of results that was also found in Study 2 with adults. These findings suggest that preverbal 9-month-olds parse syllables into smaller units than just onset and rime, and do so in a manner that is comparable to that of adults. The findings are discussed in relation to work demonstrating a relationship between rhyming ability and competence in word learning, reading and writing.     

Targets,tactics, and the open mouth face during play fighting in three species of primates

The play fighting of many mammals involves the nonserious use of behavior patterns derived from serious fighting. A major question of theoretical importance has been that of how, given this overlap in patterns of behavior, the animals can distinguish between playful and nonplayful intent. One proposed solution is that animals use play signals to inform each other about the playful intent of their actions. The most widely reported play signal amongst primates is the open mouth play face. The manner in which this so-called signal functions is based on correlational evidence, with most reports simply noting its presence or absence in a given species. This study involved a detailed video-based analysis of the occurrence of open mouths during the play fighting of three species of primates. One captive troop each of ring-tailed lemurs, black-handed spider monkeys, and patas monkeys was used. By examining all open mouths in the context of the species-typical style of play fighting, several conclusions were empirically verified. 1) Most open mouths occur as a functionally necessary precursor for biting. 2) Some open mouths occur as a defensive threat which deters further contact. 3) The residual open mouths which may function as contact promoting play signals, constituted about 20–25% of all open mouths by the lemurs and patas monkeys, but less than 5% for spider monkeys. These species differences appeared to arise from two causes. Firstly, the spider monkeys used another signal, the head shake, in situations where lemurs and patas monkeys used open mouths. Secondly, the style of play fighting greatly influenced the frequency and duration of open mouths. This was most marked in the face-to-face combat style of patas monkeys. These findings show that comparative studies of the occurrence and function of play signals need to take into account species-typical styles of playful combat. Aggr. Behav. 23:41–57, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

When soothing succeeds: Simulating a risk for repeated shaking in abusive head trauma in infants

PurposeTo investigate the observation that perpetrators of abusive head trauma engage in repeated shakings because shaking “works” to quiet the infant.MethodsSixty first-time parent couples individually cared for a programmable model infant in two consecutive 7-min trials. After six minutes of consolable followed by inconsolable crying, parents selected one of three soothing techniques. For trial one, parents were randomized to a “Successful” or “Failed” Soothing Condition. Whether the soothing technique was repeated after trial two was determined by the study investigators. Parents rated their frustration after each trial.ResultsAs hypothesized, parents were more likely to repeat a soothing technique that “worked” in trial one. Compared to fathers, mothers reported more frustration when soothing failed.ConclusionsThat caregivers were more likely to repeat a successful soothing technique converges with perpetrator confessions that crying cessation after shaking may be a reason why shaking is used repeatedly in response to crying.     

肢体识别的倒置效应

肢体识别加工的研究常常以倒置肢体作为对象.肢体倒置效应是指, 与正立肢体相比, 人们识别倒置肢体的时间更长,正确率更低.该现象为探究肢体识别提供了新的思路.近些年, 研究者们使用多种技术考察了这一效应及肢体构形加工的特异机制与神经基础.其中, 头部信息在肢体倒置效应中的作用引起了一些研究者的争论.此外, 构形加工理论和构形加工连续量理论都肯定了构形加工在该效应产生中的作用, 但对于构形加工所包含的子成分还存在一些分歧.未来需要进一步拓展该领域的特殊群体研究, 揭示头部信息的具体作用, 完善相关理论解释以及探索更具有生态效度的肢体倒置效应.     

成人股骨头坏死的治疗进展

股骨头坏死（ONFH）是一种进展性和致残性疾病,保存自身股骨头是临床治疗所追求的最理想目标,早中期的治疗方案主要采用非手术疗法和保髋的姑息性手术,目前为止还没有一种治疗方法能达到理想的治疗效果。近年来,骨髓间充质于细胞（MSCs）移植治疗ONFH是目前研究热点之一,有望成为一种有效的治疗方法,晚期行人工髋关节置换术是唯一的和最佳的选择。因此,早期诊断,采用综合性治疗方案保全自身髋关节是治疗本病的主要方向。     

班主任协商管理行为、师生关系与小学4~6年级学生外化问题行为的相互作用关系：交叉滞后研究

为探讨班主任协商管理行为、师生关系和学生外化问题行为三者间的相互作用关系, 在1个学年中, 采用问卷法对1407名小学4~6年级学生进行3次追踪测量。交叉滞后分析结果表明：(1)班主任协商管理行为启动积极的相互作用过程, T1时的班主任协商管理行为能显著减少T2时的学生的外化问题行为、提升T2时的师生关系亲密和降低T2时的师生关系冲突, 进而显著影响T3时的班主任协商管理行为、师生关系和学生外化问题行为; (2)学生外化问题行为驱动消极的相互作用过程, T1时的学生外化问题行为能显著减少T2时的班主任协商管理行为、降低T2时的师生关系亲密和增加T2时的师生关系冲突, 进而显著影响T3时的学生外化问题行为、师生关系和班主任协商管理行为。研究结果支持动态相互作用模型, 提示班主任在警醒学生外化问题行为的负面驱动作用的同时, 可有意识地利用协商管理行为的积极驱动作用干预学生的外化问题行为。     

Synergies and Motor Equivalence in Voluntary Sway Tasks: The Effects of Visual and Mechanical Constraints

The authors used two analyses developed within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis to quantify multimuscle synergies during voluntary body sway: analysis of intertrial variance and analysis of motor equivalence with respect to the center of pressure (COP) trajectory. Participants performed voluntary sway tasks in the anteroposterior direction at 0.33 and 0.66 Hz. Muscle groups were identified in the space of muscle activations and used as elemental variables in the synergy analyses. Changing mechanical and vision feedback–based constraints led to significant changes in indices of sway performance such as COP deviations in the uninstructed, mediolateral direction and indices of spontaneous postural sway. In contrast, there were no significant effects on synergy indices. These findings show that the neural control of performance and of its stability may involve different control variables and neurophysiological structures. There were strong correlations between the indices of motor equivalence and those computed using the intercycle variance analysis. This result is potentially important for studies of patients with movement disorders who may be unable to perform multiple trials (cycles) at any given task, making analysis of motor equivalence of single trials a viable alternative to explore changes in stability of actions.